Chapter 21 Flashcards by rhys james

What are the 4 types of vessels in the pulmonary system

Large Vein
Medium sized vein
Venule
fenestrated capillary

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What are the 4 types of vessels in the systemic system

elastic artery
Muscular artery
Arteriole
3 types of capillaries

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what are the three tunica’s of blood vessels

Tunica intima
tunica media
tunica Externa

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what are the three tunica’s of blood vessels

Tunica intima
tunica media
tunica Externa

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what is the structure of the tunica intima on an artery

endothelium is rippled due to vasoconstriction and there is an internal elastic membrane

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What is the structure of the tunica intima on a vein

Endothelium is smooth and there is no internal elastic membrane

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What is the structure of the tunica media on an artery

thick lots of smooth muscle and external elastic membrane present

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What is the structure of the tunica media on an vein

Thin mostly smooth muscle with collagen fibers and no external elastic membrane

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What is the structure of the tunica externa on an artery

Made of collagen and elastic fibers roughly the same thickness as a vein

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What is the structure of the tunica externa on an vein

collagen and elastic fibers with sporadic smooth muscle cells

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which type of artery has the thickest tunica media

Muscular artery

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Which vessels of the systemic system have a tunica externa

Only the muscular arteries and elastic arteries. arteriole and capillaries lack a tunica externa

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what would be an example of elastic arteries in the body

aorta and pulmonary trunk

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What is the function of elastic arteries

Transport large volume of blood away from the heart
act as a pressure reservoir momentarily storing mechanical energy
dampens pressure changes from contraction

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What the function of Muscular arteries

Carry blood to skeletal muscles and organs

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why can diffusion occur in capillaries

because there is an absence of tight junctions except for in the blood brain barrier

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What are the three types of capillaries

Continuous
Fenestrated
Sinusoid

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What substances can diffuse out of continuous capillaries

Water ions amino acids and lipid soluble substances

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What can diffuse out of fenestrated capillaries and where would they be found

solutes and peptides
found in small intestine endocrine gland

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What can diffuse out of sinusoid capillaries and where would they be found

WBC plasma proteins
Found in the liver and the spleen

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what is arterial anastomosis

when two arterioles connect together to provide a backup for each other

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What is the function of the precapillary sphincter

Constrict and dilates to divert flow to other branches

Which tunicas does a venule have

Tunica externa and tunica intima NO tunica media

Why are veins called capacitance vessels

Since veins are more distensible than arteries they can accommodate large changes in blood volume

What percentage of the blood is located in the veins

64% of all blood

What are 5 factors influencing venous blood return to the heart

Low pressure in right atria Gravity (makes it harder) Sympathetic input (venoconstriction) Muscular pump (ie valves) Respiratory pump

What is the change in pressure from large arteries to vena cava

65 mm Hg

What is the blood pressure at arterial side of capillary

35 mm Hg

What is the blood pressure at the venous side of capillary

18 mm Hg

What three factors make up Total Peripheral Resistance

Vascular resistance Blood viscosity Turbulence

A 2 x change in diameter to a vessel results in how much of a change in resistance

16x change in resistance

What is vascular resistance

friction between blood and vessel walls due to length and diameter

what is the equation for blood flow

Blood Flow = Change in pressure / peripheral resistance

What's the equation for pulse pressure

Pulse pressure= Systolic - diastolic pressure

What is the equation for MAP

MAP= Diastolic pressure + (pulse pressure/3)

What is the equation for Cardiac output

CO= HR x SV

during exercise do arterioles vasodilate or constrict

They would vasodilate to increase blood flow

What is local dilation of arterioles caused by

Waste products of skeletal muscles increase in nitric oxide levels from vascular endothelium increased temperature

What is arteriosclerosis

Hardening of the arteries that makes them less elastic increasing TPR and leads to higher blood pressure

Atherosclerosis

Build up of fatty plaques which increases TPR and blood pressure

What are the four ways that substances move across capillary walls

Diffusion Filtration Reabsorption Pinocytosis

What are the 4 ways that substances diffuse across a membrane

Between intercellular clefts through cell membranes through fenestrations Exocytosis and endocytosis

If a substance had a higher osmotic pressure would water more likely move in or out

IN the higher the osmotic pressure the more water wants to move into the substance

What is IHP usually equal to and where does it move fluid

usually IHP is 0 along the whole capillary but it may move fluid into the blood vessels

what is Net hydrostatic pressure

Blood pressure

What is blood colloid osmotic pressure

Tendency of fluid to move into the blood because of the protein in it

What is the coloid osmatic pressure of interstitial fluid

Usually 0 since interstitial fluid lacks protein

What are the main functions for cap filtration

Ensures mixing and exchange between plasma and interstitial fluid helps regulate blood pressure

What 3 inputs influence the cardiovascular center

Baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, coretex

If blood pressure increases do Baroreceptors increase or decrease firing rate

they increase firing rate

where are the three most important baroreceptors located

Carotid sinus aortic sinus Wall of right atrium

Which baroreceptors detect high pressure and lower SNS response

The carotid sinus and aortic sinus

which baro receptor detects high pressure and increases SNS response

The baroreceptor on the wall of the right atrium

Where are chemoreceptors located that detect levels of chemicals in blood

In the aorta and carotid sinus