Chapter 15

Question 1

What are the general senses

Answer 1

temp
pain
touch
pressure
vibration
proprioception

Question 2

What are the special senses

Answer 2

Olfaction
vision
gustation
balance
hearing

Question 3

What are Merkel cells/Tactile disks

Answer 3

Receptor cells for fine touch and pressure

Question 4

What are tactile corpuscles/Meissner’s corpuscles

Answer 4

For light touch and pressure

Question 5

what are lamellated corpuscles

Answer 5

For deep touch and pressure

Question 6

What is ruffini corpuscles

Answer 6

allows you to feel distortion of the skin

Question 7

what is receptive field

Answer 7

area of the body monitored by one afferent neuron and all its receptors

Question 8

what is a labeled line

Answer 8

pathway that conducts sense info from receptor to specific neuron in the cortex

Question 9

how does a tonic receptor produce perception

Answer 9

always active and change is indicated by frequency of AP

Question 10

Does a tonic receptor have lots or little peripheral adaptation and what is an example of a sensation that tonic sensor lets you perceive

Answer 10

Tonic receptor has LITTLE peripheral adaptation so you don’t get used to the sensation after time ie pain

Question 11

how does a phasic receptor produce perception

Answer 11

not always active and only change when the amount of stimulus changes

Question 12

Does a phasic receptor have lots or little peripheral adaptation and what is an example of a sensation that tonic sensor lets you perceive

Answer 12

Has LOTS of peripheral adaptation so you do get used to the sensation ie smell

Question 13

What is adaptation in regards to nerves

Answer 13

reduction of sensitivity of NS to a constant stimuli

Question 14

What is peripheral adaptation

Answer 14

when the peripheral neuron becomes fatigued and doesn’t transmit as much stimulus due to synaptic fatigue

Question 15

Central adaptation

Answer 15

when the CNS inhibits sensory info from being transported to the cerebral cortex

Question 16

are nociceptors phasic or tonic

Answer 16

Tonic so slow adapting

Question 17

are thermoreceptors phasic or tonic

Answer 17

phasic you can get used to it

Question 18

Where is the cell body located for a first order neuron

Answer 18

Dorsal root ganglion

Question 19

what are the two places a second order neuron is located in the sensory pathway

Answer 19

medulla oblongata or posterior dorsal horn

Question 20

Where is the cell body located for a third order neuron

Answer 20

Thalamus

Question 21

what are the 4 major somatic sensory pathways

Answer 21

Posterior column pathway
Anterior spinothalamic pathway
Lateral spinothalamic pathway
Spinocerebellar pathway

Question 22

What kind of info does the Posterior column pathway relay

Answer 22

PPFPV
Posterior
Pressure
Fine touch
proprioception
Vibration

Question 23

what is the origin of the 2nd order neuron in the Posterior column pathway and where does it decussate

Answer 23

Medulla oblongata

Question 24

What kind of info does the anterior spinothalamic pathway relay

Answer 24

CAP
Crude touch
Anterior
Pressure

Question 25

what is the origin of the 2nd order neuron in the anterior spinothalamic pathway and where does it decussate

Answer 25

Posterior dorsal horn of spinal cord

Question 26

What kind of info does the Lateral spinothalamic pathway relay

Answer 26

LPT Lateral Pain Temp

Question 27

what is the origin of the 2nd order neuron in the lateral spinothalamic pathway and where does it decussate

Answer 27

Posterior dorsal horn of spinal cord

Question 28

What kind of info does the Spinocerebellar pathway relay

Answer 28

Proprioception info

Question 29

How many neurons in the spinocerebellar pathway

Answer 29

only 2 all the somatic pathways have 3

Question 30

what is the origin of the 2nd order neuron in the spinocerebellar pathway and where does it decussate

Answer 30

Dorsal gray horns and some axons decussate and some don't

Question 31

what is an interreceptor

Answer 31

monitors visceral tissue and organs

Question 32

where are the cell body of upper motor neurons

Answer 32

In cns processing center

Question 33

what are the two locations of lower motor neuron cell bodies

Answer 33

in brain stem or spinal cord

Question 34

what are the three Somatic motor pathways

Answer 34

Cortico spinal Medial Lateral

Question 35

What does the cortico spinal pathway control

Answer 35

Voluntary control over skeletal muscles

Question 36

Is the cortico spinal pathway pyramidal or extra pyramidal

Answer 36

Pyramidal

Question 37

What are the three tracts of the Cortico spinal pathway

Answer 37

Corticobulbar tract Lateral corticospinal tract Anterior corticospinal tract

Question 38

Are the Somatic motor pathways a 2 or 3 neuron pathway

Answer 38

just 2 upper and lower motor neurons

Question 39

where are the upper motor neurons of the cortico spinal pathway located

Answer 39

originate in the primary motor cortex

Question 40

Where does the corticobulbar tract cross over

Answer 40

crosses over in brain stem

Question 41

Where do UMN synapse with LMN in the cortico spinal motor pathway

Answer 41

in the anterior gray horn

Question 42

What are the 3 tracts of the Medial pathway

Answer 42

Tectospinal Vestibulospinal reticulospinal

Question 43

what does the medial motor pathway control

Answer 43

Controls involuntary gross movement of the trunk proximal limbs eye head and neck and also inhibit or facilitate LMN of the corticospinal pathway to modify voluntary control

Question 44

where are the upper motor neurons located in the medial pathway

Answer 44

located in brain stem

Question 45

where do most axons cross over in the medial motor pathway

Answer 45

most axons cross over immediately except reticlou spinal don't cross over and some vestibulospinal don't cross either

Question 46

What are the tracts of the lateral motor pathway

Answer 46

Rubro spinal

Question 47

Where are the UMN of the lateral motor pathway located

Answer 47

Brain stem

Question 48

where do axons of the Lateral motor pathway cross over

Answer 48

immediately in the brain stem

Question 49

What does the lateral motor pathway control

Answer 49

Precise and learned movements of the distal upper limbs and inhibits or facilitates lower motor neurons of the corticospinal pathway to modify movement

Question 50

What is indirect basal nuclei operation

Answer 50

when the basal nuclei influences thalamic neurons which influences pre motor cortex to adjust upper motor neurons

Question 51

What is direct basal nuclei operation

Answer 51

influences centers in the brain stem which influence the excitability of LMN

Question 52

Function of the cerebellum

Answer 52

Modifies activity of upper motor neurons to generate smooth accurate movement and maintain balance