Chapter 19

Question 1

What are the electrolytes in blood

Answer 1

Na, Ca K Mg Cl Bicarbonate ions

Question 2

What are the organic waste products in blood

Answer 2

Lactate, urea uric acid creatine bilirubin

Question 3

What is a hemocytoblast

Answer 3

Blood stem cell all blood cells RBC and WBC come from this stem cell

Question 4

What cells does a Hemocytoblast divide into

Answer 4

Myeloid stem cell and lymphoid stem cell

Question 5

What does a myeloid stem cell divide into

Answer 5

All blood cells except lymphocytes

Question 6

what does a Lymphoid stem cell divide into

Answer 6

only a lymphocyte

Question 7

What is diapedesis

Answer 7

process of white blood cells squeezing out of capillaries and entering tissue

Question 8

where is intracellular fluid found

Answer 8

inside the cells of the body

Question 9

Where is extracellular fluid found

Answer 9

outside the cells of the body

Question 10

where is interstitial fluid found

Answer 10

the water surrounding cells within the tissue

Question 11

what are the two types of extracellular fluid

Answer 11

interstitial fluid and plasma

Question 12

what are the two types of extracellular fluid

Answer 12

interstitial fluid and plasma

Question 13

what is a main difference between plasma and interstitial fluid

Answer 13

plasma contains proteins while interstitial fluid does not

Question 14

what’s another name for WBC’s

Answer 14

leukocytes

Question 15

what are the 6 types of dissolved plasma proteins

Answer 15

Albumin globulins antibodies, fibrinogen+prothrombin, lipoproteins and hormones + enzymes

Question 16

What is the most common plasma protein

Answer 16

albumin

Question 17

What does albumin do

Answer 17

transports lipid soluble substances in the blood and is responsible for the majority of blood’s osmotic force

Question 18

What do globulins do

Answer 18

play a role in the immune system and transportation in the blood

Question 19

What do lipoproteins do

Answer 19

transport triglycerides and and cholesterol in the blood

Question 20

What nutrients does red blood cell production require

Answer 20

folic acid and vitamin b12

Question 21

What are the three reasons for the RBC shape

Answer 21

Large surface area
Form Rouleaux’s
allows it to bend and flex through capillaries

Question 22

What are the 5 types of leukocytes

Answer 22

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas’ (remember this is also in order of abundance)
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils

Question 23

What is hematopoiesis

Answer 23

The process in which ALL formed elements of the blood are created

Question 24

What is Erythropoiesis

Answer 24

Formation of RBC’s

Question 25

What does EPO stand for and what does it do

Answer 25

Erythropoietin Speeds up the maturation and release of red blood cells

Question 26

Where is EPO released from

Answer 26

Kidneys

Question 27

What hormones stimulate EPO production

Answer 27

Thyroxine, Growth Hormone, Testosterone

Question 28

what are the steps of RBC maturation

Answer 28

Starts as a Proerythroblast turns into Erythroblast becomes normoblast sheds it's nucleus and becomes a reticulocyte reticulocyte enters blood stream after reticulocyte is in blood for 1 day its fully grown

Question 29

what is polycythemia

Answer 29

Excess number of red blood cells

Question 30

What is pernicious Anemia

Answer 30

Low vitamin B12 levels which causes low RBC

Question 31

Draw the 5 steps of the Erythrocyte life cycle starting from low O2 levels

Answer 31

1. Low O2 levels in blood stimulate kidneys to produce EPO 2. EPO stimulates erythropoiesis in red bone marrow 3. New erythrocytes enter the blood stream 4. Old Erythrocytes are engulfed by macrophages of the liver spleen and bone marrow 5. Hemoglobin is broken down into heme and globin 6. Heme is broken down into bilirubin and Iron, the iron is stored in the liver and bilirubin is used as bile and cycle starts over

Question 32

What 4 things are required for RBC production

Answer 32

Fe, Amino acids, B12 and folic acid

Question 33

What is the protein that helps with bilirubin recycling

Answer 33

Albumin it conjugates to bilirubin to transport it to the liver

Question 34

What binds to billy rubin to make it water soluble and able to be excreted in the urine

Answer 34

Hepatocytes

Question 35

What is Hemopoiesis

Answer 35

Formation of all blood cells

Question 36

Where are most WBC located

Answer 36

CT proper or organs of the lymphoid system

Question 37

What is it called when a WBC squeezes out of a capillary and enters the tissue

Answer 37

Diapedesis

Question 38

what are the 4 special properties of circulating WBC's

Answer 38

Diapedeses Amoeboid movement Positive chemotaxis Phagocytosis

Question 39

What does the nucleus of a neutrophil look like

Answer 39

Has a 5 lobed nucleus

Question 40

What does a neutrophil do

Answer 40

Specializes in fighting and phagocytosing bacteria that has been flagged by the immune system

Question 41

granules of eosinophils stain with what chemical

Answer 41

Red dye eosin

Question 42

How many lobes does an eosinophil nucleus have

Answer 42

2

Question 43

What's the main role of eosinophils

Answer 43

release substances that fight multicellular pathogens like parasitic worms

Question 44

Which WBC have been associated with allergies

Answer 44

Eosinophils mast cells and basophils

Question 45

What's the main role of Basophils

Answer 45

they migrate to a site of injury and releases histamine and heparin

Question 46

what does heparin do

Answer 46

prevents blood clotting

Question 47

What does a monocytes nucleus look like

Answer 47

Kidney bean

Question 48

What is the role of a monocyte

Answer 48

they enter the tissue and transform into free or fixed macrophages

Question 49

What are the three types of lymphocytes

Answer 49

T cells B cells and Natural killer cells

Question 50

What cells are part of the specific immune response

Answer 50

T cells and B cells

Question 51

What cells are part of the non specific immune response

Answer 51

Natural killer cells

Question 52

What do T cells do

Answer 52

Attack foreign cells

Question 53

What do B Cells do

Answer 53

Produce antibodies

Question 54

What cell are platelets produced by

Answer 54

Megakaryocytes

Question 55

Where are platelets usually located

Answer 55

2/3 of platelets are circulating 1/3 are located within the spleen

Question 56

What are the three stages of hemostasis

Answer 56

Vascular spasms Platelet plug formation Coagulation

Question 57

What 3 things happens during vascular spasms

Answer 57

damage to the vessel make endothelial cells contract which exposes collagen fibers release chemical messengers most importantly endothelin endothelial cell membranes become sticky

Question 58

What does endothelin do

Answer 58

it vasoconstrict vessels

Question 59

What happens during the platelet plug phase

Answer 59

platelets stick to endothelial cells and exposed collagen

Question 60

How does the body stop the platelets from clotting to much

Answer 60

Undamaged endothelial cells produce anticoagulants which inhibit a clot except for at the site of the injury

Question 61

What happens during the extrinsic pathway of clotting

Answer 61

damaged tissue releases tissue factors which combines with Ca and clotting factors to produce Factor x

Question 62

What happens during the intrinsic pathway of clotting

Answer 62

Platelets release platelet factor which combines with calcium and clotting factor to produce Factor X

Question 63

How does factor X help with clotting

Answer 63

Factor X is converted to Prothrombinase which is an enzyme that converts prothrombin into thrombin which then converts fibrin to fibrinogen which forms a mesh network over the platelet plug