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Bio 133 > Chapter 19 > Flashcards

Chapter 19 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the electrolytes in blood

A

Na, Ca K Mg Cl Bicarbonate ions

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2
Q

What are the organic waste products in blood

A

Lactate, urea uric acid creatine bilirubin

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3
Q

What is a hemocytoblast

A

Blood stem cell all blood cells RBC and WBC come from this stem cell

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4
Q

What cells does a Hemocytoblast divide into

A

Myeloid stem cell and lymphoid stem cell

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5
Q

What does a myeloid stem cell divide into

A

All blood cells except lymphocytes

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6
Q

what does a Lymphoid stem cell divide into

A

only a lymphocyte

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7
Q

What is diapedesis

A

process of white blood cells squeezing out of capillaries and entering tissue

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8
Q

where is intracellular fluid found

A

inside the cells of the body

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9
Q

Where is extracellular fluid found

A

outside the cells of the body

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10
Q

where is interstitial fluid found

A

the water surrounding cells within the tissue

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11
Q

what are the two types of extracellular fluid

A

interstitial fluid and plasma

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12
Q

what are the two types of extracellular fluid

A

interstitial fluid and plasma

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13
Q

what is a main difference between plasma and interstitial fluid

A

plasma contains proteins while interstitial fluid does not

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14
Q

what’s another name for WBC’s

A

leukocytes

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15
Q

what are the 6 types of dissolved plasma proteins

A

Albumin globulins antibodies, fibrinogen+prothrombin, lipoproteins and hormones + enzymes

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16
Q

What is the most common plasma protein

A

albumin

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17
Q

What does albumin do

A

transports lipid soluble substances in the blood and is responsible for the majority of blood’s osmotic force

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18
Q

What do globulins do

A

play a role in the immune system and transportation in the blood

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19
Q

What do lipoproteins do

A

transport triglycerides and and cholesterol in the blood

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20
Q

What nutrients does red blood cell production require

A

folic acid and vitamin b12

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21
Q

What are the three reasons for the RBC shape

A

Large surface area
Form Rouleaux’s
allows it to bend and flex through capillaries

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22
Q

What are the 5 types of leukocytes

A

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas’ (remember this is also in order of abundance)
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils

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23
Q

What is hematopoiesis

A

The process in which ALL formed elements of the blood are created

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24
Q

What is Erythropoiesis

A

Formation of RBC’s

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25
Q

What does EPO stand for and what does it do

A

Erythropoietin
Speeds up the maturation and release of red blood cells

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26
Q

Where is EPO released from

A

Kidneys

27
Q

What hormones stimulate EPO production

A

Thyroxine, Growth Hormone, Testosterone

28
Q

what are the steps of RBC maturation

A

Starts as a Proerythroblast
turns into Erythroblast
becomes normoblast
sheds it’s nucleus and becomes a reticulocyte
reticulocyte enters blood stream
after reticulocyte is in blood for 1 day its fully grown

29
Q

what is polycythemia

A

Excess number of red blood cells

30
Q

What is pernicious Anemia

A

Low vitamin B12 levels which causes low RBC

31
Q

Draw the 5 steps of the Erythrocyte life cycle starting from low O2 levels

A
  1. Low O2 levels in blood stimulate kidneys to produce EPO
  2. EPO stimulates erythropoiesis in red bone marrow
  3. New erythrocytes enter the blood stream
  4. Old Erythrocytes are engulfed by macrophages of the liver spleen and bone marrow
  5. Hemoglobin is broken down into heme and globin
  6. Heme is broken down into bilirubin and Iron, the iron is stored in the liver and bilirubin is used as bile and cycle starts over
32
Q

What 4 things are required for RBC production

A

Fe, Amino acids, B12 and folic acid

33
Q

What is the protein that helps with bilirubin recycling

A

Albumin it conjugates to bilirubin to transport it to the liver

34
Q

What binds to billy rubin to make it water soluble and able to be excreted in the urine

A

Hepatocytes

35
Q

What is Hemopoiesis

A

Formation of all blood cells

36
Q

Where are most WBC located

A

CT proper or organs of the lymphoid system

37
Q

What is it called when a WBC squeezes out of a capillary and enters the tissue

A

Diapedesis

38
Q

what are the 4 special properties of circulating WBC’s

A

Diapedeses
Amoeboid movement
Positive chemotaxis
Phagocytosis

39
Q

What does the nucleus of a neutrophil look like

A

Has a 5 lobed nucleus

40
Q

What does a neutrophil do

A

Specializes in fighting and phagocytosing bacteria that has been flagged by the immune system

41
Q

granules of eosinophils stain with what chemical

A

Red dye eosin

42
Q

How many lobes does an eosinophil nucleus have

A

2

43
Q

What’s the main role of eosinophils

A

release substances that fight multicellular pathogens like parasitic worms

44
Q

Which WBC have been associated with allergies

A

Eosinophils mast cells and basophils

45
Q

What’s the main role of Basophils

A

they migrate to a site of injury and releases histamine and heparin

46
Q

what does heparin do

A

prevents blood clotting

47
Q

What does a monocytes nucleus look like

A

Kidney bean

48
Q

What is the role of a monocyte

A

they enter the tissue and transform into free or fixed macrophages

49
Q

What are the three types of lymphocytes

A

T cells B cells and Natural killer cells

50
Q

What cells are part of the specific immune response

A

T cells and B cells

51
Q

What cells are part of the non specific immune response

A

Natural killer cells

52
Q

What do T cells do

A

Attack foreign cells

53
Q

What do B Cells do

A

Produce antibodies

54
Q

What cell are platelets produced by

A

Megakaryocytes

55
Q

Where are platelets usually located

A

2/3 of platelets are circulating 1/3 are located within the spleen

56
Q

What are the three stages of hemostasis

A

Vascular spasms
Platelet plug formation
Coagulation

57
Q

What 3 things happens during vascular spasms

A

damage to the vessel make endothelial cells contract which exposes collagen fibers
release chemical messengers most importantly endothelin
endothelial cell membranes become sticky

58
Q

What does endothelin do

A

it vasoconstrict vessels

59
Q

What happens during the platelet plug phase

A

platelets stick to endothelial cells and exposed collagen

60
Q

How does the body stop the platelets from clotting to much

A

Undamaged endothelial cells produce anticoagulants which inhibit a clot except for at the site of the injury

61
Q

What happens during the extrinsic pathway of clotting

A

damaged tissue releases tissue factors which combines with Ca and clotting factors to produce Factor x

62
Q

What happens during the intrinsic pathway of clotting

A

Platelets release platelet factor which combines with calcium and clotting factor to produce Factor X

63
Q

How does factor X help with clotting

A

Factor X is converted to Prothrombinase which is an enzyme that converts prothrombin into thrombin which then converts fibrin to fibrinogen which forms a mesh network over the platelet plug

Bio 133 (11 decks)

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