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GEC109 - LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL > Chapter 2 - Week 3: NATIONALISM (The Philippines of Rizal's Time) > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Week 3: NATIONALISM (The Philippines of Rizal's Time) Flashcards

1
Q

Who wrote “The Philippines of Rizal’s time”

A

Gregorio F. Zaide
Sonia M. Zaide

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2
Q

11 issues/evils that caused hardship for the Filipinos during Spanish colonial

A
  1. Instability of colonial administration
  2. corrupt officialdom
  3. no philippine representation in the Spanish cortes
  4. human rights denied to filipinos
  5. no equality before the law
  6. maladministration of justice
  7. racial discrimination
  8. frailocracy
  9. forced labor
  10. haciendas owned by the friars
  11. the guardia civil
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3
Q

when did the instability of spanish politics began?

A

reign of King Ferdinand VII (1808-1833)

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4
Q

What caused the spanish government to undergo frequent changes?

A
  1. despostism
  2. liberalism
  3. explosions of the Carlist Wars
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5
Q

refers to the absolute control by a ruler

A

despotism

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6
Q

favored reforms, individual freedoms, and limiting power of the monarchy

A

liberalism

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7
Q

refers to the series of civil wars in Spain between those who supported despotism and liberalism that made the struggles of Filipinos worse

A

explosions of the Carlist Wars

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8
Q

how many constitutions were adopted by the spain from 1834-1862

A

4 constituions

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9
Q

how many parliaments were elected by spain from 1834-1862

A

28 elected parliaments

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10
Q

how many ministers with portfolios were installed by spain from 1834-1862

A

no less than 529 minsiters with portfolios

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11
Q

2 reason why the political instability in spain adversely affected Philippine affairs

A
  1. it brought about frequent periodic shifts in colonial policies
  2. periodic rigodon (frequent reshuffling/rotation) of colonial officials
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12
Q

how many governor generals ruled the Philippines from 1835 to 1897 (62 years)

A

50 governor general

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13
Q

The philippines was ruled by 50 governor generals from 1835 to 1897, serving an average term of only __ year and __ moths

A

1 year and 3 moths

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14
Q

At one time - from December 1853 to November 1854 - a peiod of less than a year, there were __ governors general

A

4 governors-general

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15
Q

according to an anecdote: in the year 1850, a spanish jurist who was appointed oidor (magistrate) of the Royal Audience of Manila, left Madrid with his whole family and took the longer route via __ _ __ __, arriving in manila after a leisurely trip of about __ months. However, he found out that another jurist was laready occupying his position. During his travel, the ministry which appointed him fell in Madrid, amd the succeeding ministry named his successor who took the shorter route via the __ _ __ and reached manila earlier

A

longer route - Cape of Goo Hope (six months)
shorter route - Isthmus of Suez

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16
Q

why the frequent change of colonial offcials hampered the political and development of the philippines

A

Hardly had one governor-general begun his administration when he was soon replaced by his successor. Naturally, no chief executive, no matter how able and energetic he was, could accomplish much for the colony

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17
Q

With few exceptions, the colonial officials sent by spain to the philippines in the __ century were far cry from their able and dedicated predecessors of the __-__ centuries. they were either:

A

19th century
16th-18th centuries
highly corrupt, incompetent, cruel, venal

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18
Q

the colonial officials sent by the spain in the philippines symbolized the decadent Spain of the 19th century and not the __ _ __, which produced Miguel Cervantes, Lope de Vega, Caldrom de la Barca, El Greco (Domenico Theotocopuli), Velasquez, St. Theresa de Avila, and other glories of the Hispanic nation

A

Siglo de Oro

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19
Q

a boastful and ruthless governor general who executed Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora (Martyrs of 1872)

A

General Rafael de Izquierdo (1871-1873)

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20
Q

who is the sucessor of General Rafael de Izquierdo who was known as a good Moro fighter, but was an inept and weak administrator

A

Admiral Jose Malcampo (1874-1877)

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21
Q
  • a governor general for two terms (1880-1883 and 1897-1898)
  • enriched himself by accepting bribes from gambling casinos in Manila which he scandalously permitted to operate
A

General Fernando Primo de Rivera

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22
Q
  • a cruel corrupt governor general of Hispanic - German ancestry
  • arrived in Manila poor and returned to Spain a millionaire
  • recieved huge bribes and gifts of diamonds for his wife from wealthy Chinese who evaded the anti-chinese law.
A

General Valeriano Weyler

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23
Q

General Weyler was called by the filipinos “___” due to his brutal persecution of the calamba tenants, particularly family of Rizal and was cursed as “__ ___” by Cubans due to his ruthless reconcentration policy during his brief governorship in Cuba in 1896, causing the death of thousands of Cubans

A

tyrant
The Butcher

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24
Q

an able militarist but heartless governor general and was widely detested by the Filipinos for executing rizal

A

General Camilo de Polavieja (1896-1897)

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25
Q

colonies that Spain lost in latin america that caused numerous job-seekers and penniless Spanish sycophants to come in the Philippines where they become judges, provincial executives, army officers, and empleados.

A
  1. Mexico
  2. Guatemala
  3. Chile
  4. Argentina
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26
Q

How did the spaniards became rich?

A

illegal means or by marrying the heiresses of rich filipino families

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27
Q

Spanish writer and government offcial, bewailed the obnoxious facts that ignorants barbers and lackeys were apppointed provincial governors, and rough sailors and soldiers were named district magistrates and garrison commanders.

(in sabotable ver, gi ctricized niya and mga unqualified individuals like uneducated na servants and barbers na gihatagan ug important positions)

A

Tomas De Comyn

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28
Q

Why did the spain granted their colonies representation in the Cortes

A

to win their support during the Napoleonic invasion

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29
Q

when did the philippines experienced their first period of representation in the cortes?

A

1810-1813

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30
Q
  • the first philippine delegate that took active part in the framing of the constitution of 1812
  • one of the 184 signers of the constitution
A

ventura de los reyes

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31
Q

Spain’s first democratic constitution

A

constitution of 1812

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32
Q

how many signers did the constitution of 1812 had?

A

184 signers

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33
Q

who abolished galleon trade

A

Delegate de los reyes

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34
Q

the ___ period of Philippine representation (1810-1813) in the Spanish Cortes was fruitful with beneficial results for the welfare of the colony

A

first period

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35
Q

the ___ period (1820-1823) and ___ period (1834-1837) of Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes was less fruitful because the Philippines delegates were not as energetic and devoted in parliamentary works as De los Reyes

A

second and third peiod

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36
Q

when did the representation of the overseas colonies (including philippines) in the spain cortes abolished?

A

1837

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37
Q

-called for the restoration of Philippine representation in Spanish Cortes
- implored in sonorous Castilian on October 12, 1883, during the 391st anniversary of the discovery of America by Columbus in Madrid

A

Graciano Lopez-Jaena and his compatriots

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38
Q

Lopez-Jaena and his compatriots plea for restoration of Philippines representation was ignored by Spain. However, ___ and __ ___ were granted representation in the cortes by the spanish constitution of 1876

A

cuba and puerto rico

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39
Q

what spanish constitution granted the representation in the cortes of puerto rico and cuba

A

spanish constitution of 1876

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40
Q

Until the end of Spanish rule in ___ (year), Philippine representation in the cortes was never restored

A

1898

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41
Q

who launched the progapagana movement, which paved the way for the Philippin Revolution of 1896

A

Jose Rizal
M.H. del Pilar
Graciano Lopez-Jaena
other youthful patriots

42
Q

Since the adoption of the spanish constitution of __ and other constitutions in succeeding years, the people of spain enjoyed freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of association , and other human rights (except freedom of religion)

(so even though ang kari na constitution kay democratic institution, dili siya fully extended sa filipinos; still treated sila as colonial subjects)

A

spanish constitution of 1812

43
Q
  • in 1834, a spanish diplomat and economist criticized the inconsistency questioning why spain fought for liberty for its own people but refused to extend those freedoms to the Filipinos
  • “why do we fall into an anomaly, such as combining our claim for liberty for ourselves, and our wish to impose our law on remote peoples? Why do we deny to others the benefit which we desire for our fatherlanad?”
A

Sinibaldo de Mas

44
Q

who introduced christianity into the philippines as early as 16th century, taught all men, irrespective of color and race, are children of God and as such they are brothers, equal before God

A

Spanish missionaries

45
Q

promulgated by the christian monarchs of spain to protect the rights of the natives in Spain’s overseas colonies and to promote their welfare

A

Leyes de Indias (Laws of the Indies)

46
Q

enforced in the philippines, particularly imposed heavier penalties on native filipinos or mestizos and lighter penalties on white-complexioned Spaniards

A

Spanish penal code

47
Q

prosecuting attorneys

A

fiscals

48
Q

situation of justice in the philippines during rizal’s time

A

-costly,partial, and slow; corroupt; courts of “injustice”; judges, fiscals, and other courts were inept,venal, and often times ignorant of law
-wealth, social prestige, and color of skin were preponderant factors in winning a case in court.

49
Q

example of spanish maladministration of justice where he was jailed in cavite without preliminary investigation and proper trial

A

Juan de la Cruz (1886-1898)

50
Q

Juan de la cruz was still in jail, waiting fro his trial when the americans landed in cavite after the ___ __ ___ __

A

battle of manila bay

51
Q

how many times and what year was dona teodora (rizal’s mother) arrested and jailed on flimsy grounds

A

twice; 1871 and 1891

52
Q

when was rizal deported to dapitan without benefit of a trail

A

july 1892

53
Q

rizal’s famil who wwere exiled to various parts of the arhipelago without due process of law

A

His brother Paciano
several brothers-in-law

54
Q

what did many spaniards and their mestizo satellites called brown-skinned and flat nose Filipinos

A

indios (indians)

55
Q

Filipinos called spaniards with pale-complexioned detractors with the disparaging term “___”

A

bangus (milkfish)

56
Q

badge of vaunted superiority during rizal’s time

A

white skin, high nose, and castilian lineage

57
Q
  • bewailed the spanish misconception that a man’s merit depended on the pigment of his skin, the height of his nose, the color of his hair, and the shape of his skull, and complained of the lack of opportunities for educated young Filipinos to rise in the service of God and country.
A

Father Jose Burgos

58
Q

unique form of government in Hispanic Philippines, so named because it was “ a government by friars”

A

frailocracy (frailocracia)

59
Q

since the days of spanish conquest, the ___ (_____,_____,___who controlled the religious and education life of the philippines, and later in the 19th century they came to acquire termendous political power, influence, and riches

A

friars (augustinians, dominicans, franciscans)

60
Q

the friars practically ruled the Philippines througha facade of __ ___

A

civil government

61
Q

who were under the control of friars

A

colonial authorities, from the governor general down to the alcades mayores

62
Q

they were not ruled by friar curate

A

unpacified (refused to submit to the will of the Spaniards) Islamic mindanao and sulu and in the pagan hinterlands

63
Q

aside from the priestly duties of friars what are its other duty?

A
  1. supervisor of local elections
  2. the inspector of schools and taxes
  3. the arbiter (a person that has the legal authority to decide disputes) of morals
  4. the censor of books and comedias (stage plays)
  5. the superintendent of public works
  6. and the guardian of peace and order
64
Q
  • could send a patriotic filipino to jail or denounce him as fillibustero (traitor) to be exiled to a distant place or to be executed as an enemy of god and spain
A

friars

65
Q

2 faces of frailocracy

A

good face and bad face

66
Q

what is the bad face of frailocracy?

A

darkly portrayed by rizal and his contemporaries by way of retaliation against certain evil-hearted friars who persecuted them

67
Q

what is the good face of frailocracy?

A

refersr to the positive contribution made by friars, such as their role in education and religious life.

68
Q

argued that it would be ungrateful for filiponos to only focus on the friars’ wrongdoings and ignore their beneficial influence

A

Dr. Jose P. laurel

69
Q

for spanish frairs, filipinos owe a lasting debt of gratitude to them because it made the philippines the only nation in asia with _____, __ and __-___ cultural heritage

A

Oriental, Latin and Hispanic-American cultural heritage

70
Q

bad friars who were recreant to their sublime calling and to the finest ttradition of Iberian pundonor

A
  1. Fray Miguel Lucio
  2. Bustamante
  3. Fray Jose Rodriguez
  4. Fray Antonio Piernavieja
71
Q

caricurated by Jaena as Fray botod

A

padre damaso and padre salvi

72
Q

good brethren

A
  1. Fray andres de urdaneta
  2. Fray martin rada
  3. Fray juan de plasencia
  4. bishop domingo de salazar
  5. Fray francisco blancas de san jose
  6. fray miguel de benavides
73
Q

-known as polo
-compulsory labor imposed by the spanish colonial authorities on adults filipino males in the construction of churches, schools, hospitals; building and repair of roads and bridges; the building of ships in the shipyards, and other public works.

A

Forced labor

74
Q

originally, filipino males from __ to __ years old were obliged to render forced labor for __ days a year

A

16 to 60 years
40 days per year

75
Q

The royal decree of __ __ ___ implemented the new regulations promulgated by the council of state of february 13 1885, increased the minimum age of polistas

A

Royal decree of July 12, 1883

76
Q

when and who promulgated the Royal decree of July 12, 1883 where new regulations of polo was implemented

A

council of state of february 13 1885

77
Q

those who performed the forced labor

A

polistas

78
Q

the mimimum age of polistas were increased from 16 to __, and reduced the days of labor from 40 to __

A

18
15

79
Q

sum of money paid to the government to be exmpted from the polo

A

falla

80
Q

reasons why filipino came to hate forced labor

A

due to the abuses connected with it
1. white spanish residents, contrary to law, were not recruited by the colonial authorities to perform the obligatory labor
2. the filipino polistas, according to law, were to receive a daily stipend of two pesetas (5o centavos) but actually received only a part of this amount and worse, they got nothing.
3. the annual forced labor caused so much inconvenience and suffering to the common people because it disturbed their work in farms and shops and also because they were sometimes compelled to work in construction projects far from teir homes and towns.

81
Q

-richest landlords
-owned the best haciendas

A

spanish friars belonging to different religious orders

82
Q

what happened to the rural folks who had been living in these haciendas and cultivating them generation after generation

A

they became tenats

83
Q

why the friars were recognzed as the legal owners of said land

A

they obtained royalties of ownership from the spanish crown.

84
Q

one of the bloody agrarian revolts

A

agrarian upheaval in 1745-1746

85
Q

As early as in 1768, realizing the danger of the friar-owned haciendas to filipino-spanish relations, he recommended to the madrid government the sale of the friar estates

A

Governor Anda

86
Q

what did the filipino tenats reagrded the friar owners

A

usurpers of their ancestral lands

87
Q

when did governor Anda realized the danger of the friar-owned haciendas to filipino-spanish relations

A

As early as in 1768

88
Q

Rizal, whose family and relatives were tenants of the Dominician Estate of Calamba, tried to initiate ____ ___ in ___ , but in vain.

A

agrarian reforms in 1887

89
Q

Rizal’s family and relatives were tenants of the ____ ___ _ ___

A

Dominican Estate of Calamba

90
Q

What is the title of the famous essay of rizal where he argued that the friar ownership of the productive lands contributed to the economic stagnation of the Philippines during the Spanish period

A

Sobre la Indolencia de los Filipinos (Indolence of the Filipinos)

91
Q
  • the last hated symbol of spanish tyranny
  • had rendered meritorious services in suppressing the bandits in the provinces
  • later became infamous
A

Guardia Civil

92
Q

The guardia civil was created by the ?

A

Royal decree of february 12, 1852

93
Q

amended the Royal decree of february 12, 1852

A

Royal Decree of March 24, 1888

94
Q

purpose of guardia civil

A

maintaining internal peace and order in the philippines

95
Q

The guardia civil created by the Royal decree of february 12, 1852 and amended the Royal decree of March 24, 1888 was patterned after the

A

the famous and well-disciplined Guardia Civil in spain

96
Q

why did the guardia civil became infamous

A

due to rampant abuses
1. maltreating innocent people
2. looting their carabaos, chickens, and valuable belongings
3. raping helpless women

97
Q

respected and well-liked by the populace

A

guarda civil in spain

98
Q

through ___ in noli me tangere, rizal exposed the guardia civil as bunch of ruthless ruffians good only for “disturbing the peace” and “persecuting honest man”

A

Elias

99
Q

rizal exposed the guardia civil as bunch of ruthless ruffians good only for “_____ __ ___” and “____ _____ __”

A

“disturbing the peace” and “persecuting honest man”

100
Q

What did Rizal propose to improve the military organizations

A

Having composed of good men who possessed:
- education
- good principles
- conscious of the limitations and responsibilities of authority and power

GEC109 - LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL (10 decks)

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