Chapter 2 - Week 3: Nationalism (Filipino Nationalism) Flashcards
1
Q
Result of a long process set in motion by Spanish misrule and exploitation
A
Emergence of Filipino nationalism
2
Q
What are the (2) reasons that hastened (sped up) the emergence of Filipino Nationalism
A
Economic and political developments in the Philippines and Europe
3
Q
What exposed the Filipinos to the western intellectual traditions, particularly those liberal and revolutionary ideas that has earlier changed the face of Europe
A
The transformation of the Philippine economy into a raw material market (supplier) for Europe
4
Q
What broke down the walls of isolation among Filipinos and increased their contact with the outside world
A
Improved economic conditions
5
Q
When did the several ports in the Philippines open?
A
Between 1834 and 1873
6
Q
It stimulated the commercial cultivation of certain export crops to the world market
A
The opening of several ports in the Philippines (1834-1873)
7
Q
It brought prosperity to the hitherto (until now) sequestered (isolated) colony
A
-Application of increased capital (inc. British and American) along with the improved agricultural techniques
8
Q
Who benefitted in this economic prosperity as a result of of their participation in the economic activities of the colony either as as owners of lands ( which produced an export crops) or as import-export merchants and middlemen (compradores)
A
Some Filipinos, mostly Spanish and Chinese half breeds of mestizo
9
Q
The increased wealth of land owners and import-export merchants and compradores led to the formation of ?
A
Filipino middle class
10
Q
Traditional upper class
A
Principalia or social aristocracy constituting the upper class
11
Q
Native social hierarchy
A
Principalia
Masses
12
Q
Occupied the lowest rank of the social ladder
A
Masses
13
Q
The new applied to the social hierarchy
A
Middle class
14
Q
Differs in meaning and significance from that of Europe middle class and french bourgeoisie
A
Middle class in Filipino society
15
Q
As the economy in the Philippines developed, the gap between the ____ and___ ___ would disappear almost completely
A
Principalia and middle class
16
Q
What remained unchanged that kept the masses in a state of poverty despite the expansion of foreign commerce
A
Unsurious money-lending
Arbitrary land rental increase
17
Q
What brought the Filipinos closer to one another and gave them opportunities to realize their universal plight
A
Improvement in transportation and communication facilities driven by foreign trade
18
Q
The opening of ___ __ and the subsequent shortening of the route between the Philippines and Europe enabled many Filipino to come into contact with some Filipinos who had been educated in Europe
A
Suez Canal
19
Q
Filipino who come into contact with some Filipinos who had been educated in Europe resulted in ??
A
-Progressive ideas, works of well-known liberal thinkers and philosophers reach the Philippines
20
Q
What did the middle class or the Filipinos who participated in agricultural production and commerce following the opening of the Philippines to world commerce acquired
A
Wealth
prosperity
improved social status
21
Q
Who resented the emergence of the middle class and became anxious of the possible threat they might lose in the future
A
Spaniards and the old aristocratic families (with highest level in society)
22
Q
What did Spaniards and the old aristocratic families labelled the Filipinos with
A
“bestias cargadas de oro”
(Beast loaded with gold)
23
Q
Aside from the economic stability, what did the opening of Philippine ports brought to the country
A
Intellectual developments
24
Q
Product of intense intellectual development, humanitarianism, and cosmopolitanism in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries
A
New political ideas
25
What are (2) appeal (serious/urgent request) of the enlightened philosophers that proved particularly to the educated Filipinos
1. Two Treatises of Government
2. "Le Contrat Social" ( The social contract
26
Who is the author of Two Treatises of Government
John locke
27
Who is the author of "Le Contrat Social" ( The social contract
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
28
John locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau both argued that no government is ____ unless it represents and enforces the ___ and ___ (unable to taken away) __ of the people. It cannot continue when it has lost the consent of the governed.
Legitimate
absolute and inalienable will
29
Both the reformists and the theoreticians of the Revolution of ___ imbibed (influenced) by these enlightenment ideas
Revolution of 1896
30
Refers to free thinking, anti-clerical, and humanitarianism
Ideas of masonry
31
opposed to the power or influence of the clergy, especially in politics.
Anti-clergy
32
What influence members of middle class and enable them to meet on common grounds for propaganda purposes
Ideas of masonry
33
Provided one of intellectual bases of Filipino nationalism
French revolution
34
Closely parallel the conditions prevailing in the Philippines in 1896
Situation of France in 1789
35
- formed the vanguard of the propaganda movement
- exposed the great spiritual crisis that engulfed the Filipinos
- attempted to convince the Spanish authorities of the imperative need for far reaching reforms to avert the outbreak of revolution
Ilustrados
36
What did the ilustrados attempted to do to the Spanish authorities
convince the Spanish authorities of the imperative need for far reaching reforms to avert the outbreak of revolution
37
The Spaniards regarded the Filipinos as belonging to the "____ ____" and could not possibly expected to rise beyond the limited intelligence nature has endowed them
inferior races
38
A named that carried the most disparaging and unflattering connotations
Indios
39
What did the Spaniards waged (launched) in 19th century due to the increasing number of ilustrados growing restive (dissatisfied) under Spanish rule
A campaign of open vilification (discredit) against the Filipinos and journalists
40
Journalists affected by open vilification
Pablo Feced
Francisco Canamaque
W.E. Retana
41
Paid hacks of the friars took turns in debasing Filipino who was describe as?
"a machine that walks, eats, sleeps, and simply exists"
"An incomplete whole, a confusion of sentiments, instincts, desires, energies, passions, colors that crowd each other without forming a single particular one"
42
What is the prejudiced notion that justified the policy of depriving them of education and enlightenment
"Impossible to expose to curiosity and philosophical studies"
43
The constant insinuation at the racial and cultural inferiority of the Filipinos constrained Rizal to prepare a new edition of Antonio Morga's ___ __ __ ___ _____
Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas
44
In the new edition of Antonio Morga's "Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas" prepared by Rizal, what did he debunked?
Allegations of Spaniards that the Filipinos were savages and no culture before the advent of conquerors
45
The intensification of the secularization question and it's transformation into a Filipinization controversy involving ___ ___ and ___ ___ on one hand and the ___ __ __ on the other contributed to the development of nationalism
-Spanish regular and secular priests
- Filipino secular priests
46
The conversion of thousands of natives to Christianity in the early decades of Spanish rules required that secular priests be appointed to administer the new parishes was in accordance with mandatory provision of ___ __ ___
Council of Trent (1545- 1563)
47
He issued in 1567, upon the request of King Philip II, the "Exponi Nobis" due to shortage secular priest
Pope Pius V
48
When did Pope Pius V issued the Exponi Nobis?
1567
49
Who requested the "Exponi Nobis" to Pope Pius V?
King Philip II
50
An apostolic brief that allowed regular priest to serve as parish priests without diocesan authorization and exempted them from the bishop's authority and jurisdiction. As such, they remained under the authority of their religious order's superiors and not the local bishop
Exponi Nobis
51
Led to conflict with the archbishop and bishops
Appointment of regular priests to the Philippine parishes
52
Argued that they were responsible for the proper administration of parishes and as such they should be given commensurate power and authority over the friar curates or cura parroco (parish priest), as the regular serving as parish priest was popularly known
Bishops
53
- Invoked the papal brief (Exponi Nobis) as exempting them from diocesan visitation
- argued that as a member of religious order, they were subject only to the rules and regulations and the superiors of their respective religious communities
Friar curates (regular priest)
54
Friar curates (regular priest) resisted visitation on the ground that it would place them under two superiors and that it would erode the ___ discipline and ___ orientation of their order
religious discipline and monastic orientation
55
Threatened to resign and abandon the parishes if the prelates (bishops) insisted on conducting visitation in their respective jurisdiction
Friar curates (regular priest)
56
-In 18th century, he was determined to assert diocesan supremacy over the friar curates.
- accepted the resignation of the regular priests and appointed secular priests to the vacated parishes
Archbishop Basilio Santa Justa
57
What did Archbishop Basilio Santa Justa impelled due to lack of secular priest
Ordained Filipino secular priest and appoint them as parish priest
58
When did the royal decree ordered the secularization of parishes (turnover of the parishes administered by friar curates to the seculars)
November 9, 1774
59
Royal decree promulgated on
November 9, 1774 sanctioned the campaign of?
Archbishop Basilio Santa Justa
60
The expulsion of Jesuits from Philippines in ____ created an even more suspicious atmosphere for secularization
1768
61
- What royal decree virtually suspended the secularization of parishes due to the unpreparedness of the native secular clergy and the organized opposition of the friars to the secularization
- enjoined the church authorities to prepare for eventual secularization by training a competent native clergy in the Philippines
Royal decree in 1776
62
Decree that restored the parishes to the friar curates by required visitation, which could be made either by the bishop or by the superior of the religious order to which the friar curate belonged
Royal decree in 1776
63
In the ___th century, there is a complete disregard of the injunction of the decree of 1776,
- adopted a policy of despoliation or desecularization
19th cen.
64
Decree that deprived many secular priest of parishes, which they had held for nearly 50 years
Decree enacted in 1825
65
decree that gave 7 curacies (position) in Cavite, which were administered by the secular clergy to the friars
Decree in 1849
66
When did Jesuits returned in the Philippines
1859
67
What parishes that authorities ordered to be returned to them
Parishes in Mindanao
68
Who administered the Mindanao parishes in the Jesuit's absence
Recollects
69
What decree allocated the rich and premier archdiocese of Manila where most parishes were controlled by the Filipino secular clergy to the recollects to compensate them for the loss of their parishes in Mindanao
Decree in 1861
70
What are the two richest benefices in the country that caused a fight between friars and filipino priest
1. The shrine of antipolo
2. Curacy of San Miguel, Bulacan
71
The parishes Shrine of Antipolo and the curacy of San Miguel, Bulacan had long been administered by whom
Filipino secular priest
72
regarded as the "pearl of Philippine curacies," was a very rich parish: the collection of May alone then thousands of "pilgrims visited the shrine, provided the parish more than enough income to support it for the rest of the year.
The curacy of Antipolo
73
Who did Father Pedro Pelaez appointed when the parish priest of Antipolo died in 1862
Francisco Campmas, a Filipina secular priest
74
protested the appointment of Francisco Campmas on the ground that they had the right to the parish, which was in the archbishopric of Manila by virtue of the decree of 1861.
The recollects
75
What year did the parish of San Rafael, Bulacan, also became vacant
1869
76
Why did the government cancelled the competitive examination for which 17 Filipino priests had qualified
because the Recollects invoking the 1861 decree, claimed that the parish should be given to them
77
The native clergy lost in similar disputes with the regulars the rich parishes in ____, ____and ______
Bataan, Zambales and Pampanga
78
wrote a memorial to the Queen of Spain protesting the decree of 1861 as illegal because it violated the provisions of the Council of Trent and was extremely prejudicial to the interests of the native clergy
Father pelaez
79
What did the decree of 1861 violated according to Father Pelaez
The provisions of the Council of Tren
80
Father Pelaez launched a spirited campaign for the secularization of the Philippine parishes and edited, with several others, ___ __ ____,
El Eco Filipino
81
newspaper that worked for justice and equal representation for Filipino priests
El Eco Filipino
82
supported the beleaguered native clergy
-Archbishop of Manila, Gregorio Meliton Martinez
- the prelates Cebu and Nueva Caceres,
83
-sent a memorial to the Queen Regent on December 1871 in which he advocated the repeal (revoke) of the decree of 1861 and the establishment of a definite program of training seminarians for Philippine parishes.
- In the same memorial, he issues a stet warning that if the demands of the native clergy remained unheeded resentment and hostility against the friars might develop in the natives a contagious feeling haired for all the Spaniards in the Philippines
Archbishop of Manila, Gregorio Meliton Martinez
84
When did Archbishop Martinez sent a memorial to the Queen Regent
December 1871
85
Secularization had been going on since the time of ___, encouraging many Filipinos to join the priesthood in increasing numbers
Anda
86
Father Pelaez, a Spanish mestizo, became ____ ____ of the
Manila cathedral and three years was virtually archbishop of Manila, wielding ecclesiastical prerogative until the arrival of Archbishop Meliton Martinez
vicario capitular
87
Temporary head of cathedral chapter in the absence of bishop
vicario capitular
88
The despoliation decrees of the 19th century, however "eroded" whatever headway the Filipino secular clergy might have achieved. By ____, the friars occupied 817 parishes out of the 967 in the entire colony
1898
89
- arrived in 1869 to become the most liberal and most loved governor-general of the Philippines.
-His liberalism made him liberal among the Filipinos, particularly among the native clerics and ilustrados.
- He dismissed his bodyguards and walked about the city in Manila, mingling with the natives and mestizos.
-He entertained the Filipinos in reception in his official residence and in one such party he said to have encouraged the agitation of the native clergy, led by Father Jose Burgos, Mariano Gomez and Jacinto Zamora, for the secularization of the parishes.
-The liberal governor also encouraged the freedom of speech and abolished the censorship of the press, abolished flogging and substitute imprisonment as punishment for desertion among native soldiers and proved his benevolence by subduing an agrarian uprising and pardoning the rebels.
Carlos Ma. de la Torre
90
What did Carlos Ma. de la Torre encouraged
-agitation of the native clergy
-freedom of speech
91
What did Carlos Ma. de la Torre abolished
- censorship of the press
- flogging and substitute imprisonment as punishment for desertion among native soldiers
92
De la Torre antagonized the friars, particularly so when he implemented the ______ decrees of ___ which
educational
1870
93
- provided for the limited secularization of education and government control of certain educational institutions in the Philippines
educational decrees of 1870
94
provided for the fusion of certain sectarian schools run by the Jesuits and the Dominicans, among them the Ateneo de Manila, the colleges of San Juan de Letran and San Jose into one school called the Philippine Institute.
Moret Decree
95
These decrees proposed to improve the standard of education in the Philippines requiring the teaching positions in such schools to be filled by competitive ____.
Examination
96
One decree provided for the conversion of the Dominican-owned ____ __ ___ ___ into a government- controlled University of the Philippines
University of Santo Tomas
97
De la Torre's benevolent regime, however, was short-lived; he was recalled to Spain following the collapse of the ____ ___&_ in 1871.
liberal regime
98
Who is the successor of Carlos Ma. de la Torre
Rafael de Izquierdo (1871-1873)
99
ruled with an iron hand and adopted terroristic measures to reassert Spanish power and authority once more in the colony.
Rafael de Izquierdo (1871-1873)
100
How did Izquierdo reversed the liberal policies of his predecessor?
- he disapproved the establishment in the new school of arts and trades for fear that it might be used as a front for anti-Spanish activities
- he strengthened censorship and dismissed natives and mestizos in the civil and military administration of the government
101
What did Izquierdo revoked
privileges of Filipino workers in the Cavite arsenal and navy-yard, which had previously exempted them from paying taxes and doing forced labor
102
group of people, usually soldiers or workers, openly rebel against authority, often in a military or work setting
Mutinity
103
When did the group of native military men, marines, soldiers, and workers in the arsenal of Cavite, led by a Sgt. La Madrid seized the nearby fort of Sari Felipe in response to Governor General Izquierdo's decision to take away their privileges, such as exemption from taxes and forced labor
On the night of January 20, 1872
104
Who led this mutinity?
Sgt. La Madrid
105
They saw in the incident an excuse to intimidate into silence the restive Filipino clerics by convincing the governor that a conspiracy existed to overthrow Spanish sovereignty and establish an independent Filipino republic
Friars
106
According to the friars, the mutiny was part of a well-planned and widespread conspiracy, in which the workers of Cavite part of a military group involved in the plot played an insignificant role. The real perpetrators of the conspiracy, in their view, were the ____ ___, actively supported by Filipino ilustrados and businessmen.
Filipino priests
107
On January 21 Izquierdo ordered the arrest of:
1. Fathers Jose Burgos, Mariano Gomez, Jacinto Zamora
2. prominent native clerics, lawyers and merchants like
- Joaquin Pardo de Tavera, Antonio Regidor, Jose and Pio Basa, Pedro Dandan, Galicano Apacible, Mariano Seville and Vicente del Rosario.
108
At the instigation of the friars, Fathers Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora were accused as leaders of the conspiracy, tried in a mock trial which did not give them any chance to defend themselves, and publicly garrotted on ?
February 17, 1872
109
- did not believe that the three priests were guilty
- refused to unfrock them as requested by the Governor Izquierdo.
- as one last salute to the martyred clerics, he ordered the tolling of bells when the three were executed
Archbishop Meliton Martinez
