CHAPTER 2 - Evolution of Filipino Nationalism Flashcards
1
Q
In the context of the Philippine experience, developed as consciousness of belonging to one people–the Hispanic and Catholic community all over the empire.
A
Nationalism
2
Q
The __________, on the basis of this perception, were one with, and had equal footing with, other peoples of the Empire in Soain, America and elsewhere.
A
people of the Philippines
3
Q
The _________, though universaistic in aspirations, was modestly nationalistic in program and goals.
A
assumed cultural unity
4
Q
What is the basic concept of nationalism?
A
national identity despite the Spanish society’s universal and imperialistic structure.
5
Q
Politically and territorially ________ was only established in Luzon, the Visayas and the coastal area of Mindanao.
A
Pax Hispanica
6
Q
Two problems that were never resolved by Spanish power
A
- the interior and remote areas peopled by ethnic Filipinos.
- the remontados who represented a counter-culture; and the administrative dilemma presented by the struggle between localism and centralism.
7
Q
were further aggravated by religious diffusion as the effectiveness of Catholicism was challenged by local conditions
A
fissiparous (separation) trends and tendencies
8
Q
local conditions that challenged the effectiveness of Catholicism
A
- Competing loci of power within church
- failure of missionary or conversion work in the hinterland (isolated areas)
- failure of indoctrinating the lowland Filipinos as evidenced by the appearance of nativism and folk Catholicism
9
Q
- already shattered by ethnicity and linguistic differences
*was further worsened by the infusion of the Spanish mix in the racial cauldron especially during the second half of the 19th century as manifested in the struggle between the Spanish regular clergy and the Filipino secular priests.
A
pre-hispanic racial unity of the Filipinos
10
Q
offered a complete picture in relation to this defective integration.
A
-the physical isolation of the archipelago
-inaccessibility of many interior areas.
11
Q
the Filipinos, whose consciousness of oneness was being aroused, were apparently aware of certain objective commonalities like
A
-well-defined territory
-common racial stock
-common parent language
12
Q
What happened to the Filipinos’ possession of commonalities amidst their diversities with the coming of Islam and Christianity?
A
as enhanced with the foundation of churches with universalistic pretentions.
13
Q
This natural communities (Islam and Christianity) consciousness was naturally far from uniting the people of the whole archipelago into a nation since both communities’ political and cultural institutions, social and belief systems led to further __________.
A
bifurcations (to divide into two branches)
14
Q
In their separate ways, the Muslim and Christian communities developed different identities based on ________ but not ________ which would be anachronistic during the early centuries of Spanish rule.
A
universalism, nationalism
15
Q
The first stage (1809-1820) in the occurence of Ohilippine nationalism was more or less based on the _________ and not on the ___________.
A
Christian experience, Muslim experience
16
Q
the object of achieving Soanish nationhood
A
Hispanism
17
Q
The next stage (1821-1860) in the occurence of Philippine nationalism.
A
the achievement of “Filipinism”–taken from the term “Filipino” in the sense of a Spaniard born in the Pholippines, or the so-called creoles.
18
Q
Where was the community in this stage based?
A
on the oneness of the ideas of being “Filipinos” or creoles who had been the subject of social, political, and religious discrimination in a Philippine colonial situation.
19
Q
The third stage (1880-1896) in the occurrence of Philippine nationalism
A
the community of Creole-indio identity turning the previous concept of “Filipino” as creole into Filipino as indio belonging to the enlightened and upper class of indios.
20
Q
What is the dominant ideas that cohered with the national concept in the previous two stages of evolving nationalism?
A
assimilation, liberalism, democracy and imperialism
21
Q
The goal in the first two stages?
A
the goal was achievement of Hispanic nationhood characterized by a cosmopolitan structure and composition of peoples within the Spanish nation.
22
Q
The fourth and last stage (1896-1912) in the evolution of nationalism.
A
the imperial and liberal nationalism of the three earlier stages was supplanted but not annihilated by a new type of nationalism.
23
Q
What was the main national idea preached?
A
a new and independent nation dominated by bulbs now transformed into Filipinos.
24
Q
the imperial liberal nationalism of the three earlier stages was supplanted but not annihilated by a new type of nationalism.
A
Radical nationalism
25
Where was the main national idea centered?
on the concept of Katagalugan
26
the sense of living near or surrounded by bodies of water—a nation of tagalogs.
Katagalugan
27
(Filipino) Nationalism thus started out as a concept–Hispanism–which latter became "Filipinism" or "Creolism" then assimilationist or coalesced "Filipino-indio" concept, and finally the idea of ________.
Katagalugan
28
Year when Hispanism occurred
1809-1820
29
The form of Hispanism was precipitated by events in Europe when, in the course of __________ of Portugal, he decided to cross from France to Spain—and stay in the latter.
Napoleon Bonaparte's invasion
30
He appointed his own brother, Joseph, as king of Spain and exiled Ferdinand VII, the absolutist king of Spanish empire.
Napoleon Bonaparte
31
The __________ that followed Napoleon's usurpation in 1807 summoned the colonies, including Filipinos to unite and defend Mother Spain.
Spanish Revolution
32
Established by Soanish rebels
Central Revolutionary Junta at Aranjuez
33
Who asked in the form of decrees issued in the name of a parliamentary government, the integral units of the units of the Spanish empire to assist in overthrowing the usurper.
Spanish rebels
34
stressed that the old colonies were an equal and integral part of the Spanish monarchy for whom the Aranjuez Junta was acting—and thus must send their representatives to the reinvigorated Cortes, the law-making body of the Soanish government.
The decree of 1809
35
What is the new motherland according to the decree?
was to the object of loyalty and must be strengthened so that unity among the component units would remain solid.
36
were not to be considered as factories or colonies.
former imperial possessions
37
They were, on the contrary, i tegrak and necessary members of the monarchy's rewards for their assistance and loyalty, the provinces had to be represented before the royal person of King Ferdinand VII and to participate in the _____________.
Junta's interim government
38
The more complete form of the new national idea or Hispanism was more or less detailed in the ______________.
Constitution of Cadiz of 1812
39
What is the new nation according to the constitution that was composed of the United Spanish peoples all over the world?
- The people were free, independent and not vassal or owned by any single person or family.
- the form of government was a constitutional monarchy like that of England and autonomy was to be observed in the provincial units.
- The liberal contains were expressed in the provisions stressing the sanctity of the individual and the sacredness of property, freedom of petition, of the press, and of assembly.
40
When was the conctitution promulgated?
1812 in Manila and other provinces
41
Nationalsim was _______ when the elections for representatives to the Cortes were held in Manila and the other provinces in 1810.
institutionalized
42
What was the oath of the Constitution?
- to defend the Catholic church and the new Spanish nation.
- to free the nation from the usurper.
- to defend the king's possessions and his royal family.
- to respect the laws of Spain.
43
What is the issued proclamation of the Soanish Cortes in the year 1810?
It said that all provinces in "America and Asia" were integral parts of the monarchy and their peoples were "equal in rights and privileges to those of the Peninsula..."
44
Where was the new nationalism that was first disseminated?
first government newspaper Del Superior Gobierno
45
When was the newspaper Del Superior Gobierno came out?
August 8, 1811
46
The newspaper publication according to Jesus Z. Valenzuela was motivated by________ or __________.
nationalism or Hispanism.
47
Through _________ it was held that the Filipinos' loyalty could be maintained at the time Spain was engaged in the war of independence.
Hispanism
48
Primarily, nationalism in the form of Hispanism was transplanted to Manila and the Philippine soil from 1808 or 1809 to 1813 which nearly coincided with the ______________ in Spanish America.
Mexican revolution
49
The Spanish community in Manila according to Tomas de Comyn.
swelled from a little over 1,000 to 4,000 between 1808 and 1813
50
The impact of Hispanism was both ________ and ________ but nonetheless it showed that the concept was rapidly spreading among the people who appeared to understand its significance
positive and negative
51
- established the Cortes.
- decreed the election of delegates in Manila, among them, Ventura de los Reyes.
Junta
52
- a 70-year old wealthy merchant and one of the signers of the Consitution of 1812.
- proposed and succeeded in obtaining approval for the abolition of the monopolistic galleon trade with the boleta system.
Ventura de los Reyes
53
The next extent through which Hispanism became effective
was seen in the implementation of the principle of representation.
54
were ordered to form a preparatory junta each to issue instructions on the method of election of the deputados.
Capitals of the Spanish provinces overseas
55
The division of the Philippines
into four provinces :Manila, Nueva Segovia, Nueva Caceres and Cebu
56
How many district electors?
27 district electors who would elect 9 deputies and three alternates
57
elected educated indios in the election
Mariano Pilapil and Andres Gatmaytan
58
elected peninsulares and creoles
Manuel Cacho, Cayetano Zaferino, Miguel Fernandez de Luna, Roberto Pimentel, Juan de Zuñigan and others
59
The elected officials were unfortunate due to lack of funds, only two were sent and they were not able to hold office because ___________ returned from exile, restoring ___________ in May 1814.
Ferdinand VII, absolutism
60
year that also marked the withdrawal of the affectivity of the Constitution of 1812 in the Philippines, which Ferdinand VII nullified when he abolished the Cortes.
1814
61
Where was the spread of nationalism demonstrated by the revolt?
in Samat, Ilocos province in 1815
62
What did the 1,500 Ilocanos believe that made them take up arms?
that the principales and Spanish officials conspired to withdraw the constitution.
63
What did the Ilocanos thought when they became a Spanish citizen and no longer vassal?
that they were exempted from polo y servicio and the hated tribute
64
Who observed the spread of nationalism in the late 1819?
English traveller, Henry Paddington
65
said that the creoles were beginning to take courage in openly discussing the concepts of Liberty and democracy of Thomas Jefferson, and the idea of the right of revolution—all components of Hispanism then taking root in Manila and other places in the country—especially in the Manila cafes
Henry Paddington
66
the lower classes among the indios, the upper classes and the ilustrados were also affected by Hispanism which began to assume the form of a ________ after 1810.
movement
67
led the movement since they were in a position of power and authority in the parishes.
The clergy, especially among the indios, Spanish mestizos and curates
68
the __________ were increasing in number by the 19th century, causing Comyn to fear that they might eventually undermine the Spanish government.
Indio secular priests
69
By _____, tension between the Filipino seculars and Spanish regulars intensified.
1820
70
The ________ charged that the regulars were enriching themselves at the expense of the people while the latter looked down upon the former, denying them important posts in the church administration.
seculars
71
said that the seculars had already imbibed Hispanism as seen through their assumption of leadership in the conduct of the elections in 1813 when the Constitution of 1812 was proclaimed.
Judge Manuel Bernaldez Pizarro
72
For Bernaldes Pizarro, the continued ordination of the indio secular priests seemed to inspire __________ among the masses.
revolution
73
He told the people that though the indios were "Spanish citizens" with privileges and protection under the constitution of 1812 they should still shoulder the political and economic burdens of the state as indios.
Governor-General Gardoqui
74
the second stage in the evolution of nationalism that began in 1821 and ended in 1860.
Filipino creolism
75
The ______ and _______ found themselves being selectively victimized and eliminated by the limited interpretation given by the Government and the Church on Hispanism.
indio and creole secular priests
76
were being discriminated in the government, the military government and the Church.
indios, creoles and Spanish mestizos
77
The indio and Spanish mestizo secular priests were dispossessed of their parishes while the avenues toward advancement were also systematically closed, the decreed _____, _____, and ______ ordered them return of the parishes occupied by the seculars to the friars and gave the later parishes under the former within the archbishopric of Manila.
1826, 1849 and 1861
78
especially precipitated the secularization campaign of Father Pedro Pablo Pelaez, a Spanish mestizo who served as interim archbishop of Manila in 1862-1863
The decree of 1861
79
The __________ of nationalism or Hispanism further strengthened the concept as the Constitution of 1812 was once again promulgated and elections were held in Manila and other provinces.
institutionalization
80
was decreed in 1821 and proclaimed in Manila, only to be abolished in 1834.
freedom of press (writing, printing, and publishing without license or prior revision and approval)
81
In the year ______ direct and periodic mail service from Spain to the Philippines was also decreed.
1821
82
The ______ and ______ of the ideas of nationalism were further assured with the opening of Manila to world commerce in 1834 and the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869.
spread and fortification
83
The lower classes among the indios were not unaffected by the spreading nationalism as evidences by the revolt of _________ in Tayabas in the 1840's.
Apolinario de la Cruz
84
The creoles dominated the scene as exemplified by the ______ mutiny in their struggle for equality in the Government and the Church in the 1820s through the 1850s
Andres Novales
85
In much the same way that witnessed the strengthening of nationalism, reactionary ideas were also enhanced for
the ingress and egress of ideas included the forces of reaction and conservatism
86
The _________ and reform which saw Spain in the grip of revolution and civil wars during this period had not been completely reflected in Manila.
forces of reaction
87
To maintain Spanish sovereignty, what did they entrust to the friars?
were entrusted with powers of government and with them the suppression of racial ideas—i.e. nationalism and its compinent concepts.
88
By the ______ and ______ or during the second stage of nationalistic revolution we call creolism or "Filipinism", the climax of the movement was reached with the use of the temporary church powers Pelaez held in his campaign for the secularization.
1860s and 1870s
89
Upon the death of Pelaez in 1863, leadership was inherited by _________.
Father Jose Burgos
90
the political phase of the movement was already reaching its climax with the organization of the so-called ________ by activist students in San Jose College and the University of Sto. Tomas, also in the 1869s and 1870s
Liberal Party
91
What triggered the climax which led to the proclamation of a new constitution and the coming of Maria de la Torre in 1869.
Soanish recolution of 1868
92
the included nationalists that encouraged by Governor-General de la Torre
creoles like Manuel Genato, Joaquin Pardo de Tavera, Angel and Andrea Garchitorena, Andres Nieto, Jacobo Zobel, Antonio Regidor, and other progressive leaders
93
The secular priests were led by
Fathers Burgos, Mariano Gomez, Jacinto Zamora, Mariano Sevilla, Agustin Mendoza, and Simon Ramirez
94
The secular priests were led by
Fathers Burgos, Mariano Gomez, Jacinto Zamora, Mariano Sevilla, Agustin Mendoza, and Simon Ramirez
95
students who led the movement
Felipe Buencamino Sr., Ramon Soriano, and others.
96
What did the movement of students campaigned?
for the secularization of the parishes and liberal-democratic rights for the people.
97
By the 1880s the third stage in the evolving nationalism took the form of ____________
Assimilationist Filipinism
98
Who dominated the Assimilationist Filipinism?
indio-ilustrados and the wealthy businessmen in all belonging to the burgeoning middle class.
99
They or the parents of the wealthy businessmen to the burgeoning middle class were the beneficiaries of the economic transition to commercial agriculture in the late 18th century period of the ___________.
libre comercio
100
The opening of Manila to foreign and the arrival of foreign traders who established informal banking systems and introduced technologies greatly assisted the new middle class in the _________.
19th century
101
Assimilationist Filipinism, a stage of Philippine nationalism was popularly called the ___________.
Propaganda movement
102
Though it was true that the nature and character of the demands made by ilustrados were reformation and assimilationist, what made the movement revolutionary and critical were _________.
the hidden and unstated assumptions behind these demands.
103
the people that were not merely demanding assimilation and democratic reforms
Jose Rizal, Marcel H. del Pilar, Graciano Lopez-Jaena, Jose Ma. Panganiban, Mariano Ponce, Antonio Luna, and others.
104
Underlying these assimilation and democratic reforms were ideas for...
the restructuring of the empire into a federal system instead of the present unitary system.
105
If the demands went unheeded...
a separate and independent state would be established and administered by the indios.
106
The __________, one could logically guess, would be established based on equality among the members or component units—rather a radical departure from the past policy of assimilation of the colonies as colonies,i.e. as vassals of the king.
federal system
107
Following the assumptions was the logic that Madrid must trust and let the Filipinos themselves run their own affairs based on the _______ for all the components of the federal state.
principle of autonomy
108
The indios, by sheer force of number and participation in the political and religious processes, would_______ the state.
dominate
109
The attack against the friar rulers were more intense that during the earlier period as shown by Marcelo del Pilar's derogatory reference to the government in the Philippines as a ___________ or _________.
frailocracy or monastic sovereignty
110
The Spanish elements (peninsulares and creoles) were only _________ in Spain but not in the Philippines where they turned reactionaries.
reformist
111
the _________ was another link that held coalition together but it was beginning to loosen the seams.
liberalism in masonry
112
The last stage in the evolution of nationalism
Katagalugan or Indio-Filipinism (1892-1912)
113
Katagalugan or Indio-Filipinism was reached in the founding of the revolutionary...
Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan or KKK in 1892
114
seemed to point to an organization of a United people who would logically control affairs in a presumed state under the Spanish federal system.
La Liga Filipina
115
who founded the Katipunan
Andres Bonifacio
116
What is the objective of the Katipunan?
independence and the building of a new nation composed mostly of infigenous Filipinos
117
Nationalism in this last stage was ______ unlike the conservative nationalism of the earlier three stages.
naturally radical
118
While the conservative nationalistic movement was tainted with reactionary ideas represented by the old 16th century assimilation, the ________ of Bonifacio and Emilio Jacinto was more forward-looking, a marked departure from the former.
radical nationalism
119
acknowledged brains of the Katipunan
Andres Bonifacio and Emilio Jacinto
120
the concept of a "nation of Tagalogs" or Katagalugan.
to organize a new society which was liberal, democratic, and ethnically virtuous based on the brotherhood of all Filipinos
121
The new nation would be governed by a code of ethics and moral principles contained in...
Bonifacio's "Decalogue" and Jacinto's "Kartilla"
122
Where was the democratic ideas of the Katipunan expounded?
in Jacinto's essay "Liwanag at Dilim"
123
Two mythologies that discussed the necessity for founding a new nation and for separation from the imperial Spanish nation.
- One was in Bonifacio's "Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog"
- was that of a mother country which, instead of giving love to her "children in the East" gave her "sufferings" and "cruelties". Spain had been a "negligent" and "malevolent mother" and therefore the Ohilippines was "no longer yours whatever happens...".
124
Related to both mythologies was one component in the Katipunan's formula of admission of members The applicants were to answer three questions. What are these questions?
- What was the condition of the Philippines in early times?
- What is the condition today?
- What will be the condition in the future?
125
Properly coached, the newcomers were to answer...
- that the Filipinos were "happy and independent"
- that the Spaniards "did nothing to civilize" the people
- that Spanish cruelties "will be remedied in time and freedom will be redeemed"
126
Where does all the foregoing episodes and the four stages in the evolution of nationalism happened?
in Manila
127
Where does all the foregoing episodes and the four stages in the evolution of nationalism happened?
in Manila
128
the metropolic of Asia
Manila
129
Manila and the nearby aread were a thriving settlement under a sort of confederation ruled by _________.
Rahas Matanda, Lakandula and Soliman
130
-When he arrived and occupied Manila on May 19, 1571, nearly 395 years ago he found a large settlement already actively engaged in trade especially with the Chinese.
- He then made Manila the capital of Spanish Philippines.
Legazpi
131
-When he arrived and occupied Manila on May 19, 1571, nearly 395 years ago he found a large settlement already actively engaged in trade especially with the Chinese.
- He then made Manila the capital of Spanish Philippines.
Legazpi
132
the imperial name of "Distinguished and Ever Loyal City" was given only in 1754 and the _______ in 1596.
coat-of -arms
133
Legazpi organized on _________ an autonomous government called Cabildo
June 24, 1571
134
consisting of two alcaldes en ordinario (or two mayors), twelve councilors called regidores, and a secretary.
Cabildo
135
With the Cabildo, Legazpi laid down the plans for a modern city. These are;
- parallel streets at right angles
- spaces for plazas
- the construction of public buildings such as the palace for the governor-general
- churches
- hospitals and private residences
- security
- rebuilding of the old fort Soliman.
136
Manila had not been magically transformed into a Spanish city he envisioned.
At the time of Legazpi's death
137
It took time even before the wall which would surround what was later called _________ (a headland south of Pasig River and Manila Bay)
Intramuros
138
By the 19th century, as a result of commercial agricultural development and the growth of internal commerce, Manila and its environs experienced _____________.
rapid economic growth
139
The developments compelled the Spanish authorities through a ________ to expand the city of Manila into a province with jurisdiction over 8 minicipalities including the arrabales.
decree in 1886
140
Sabta Cruz, Sampalok, San Miguel, Sta. Mesa and Pandacan are called
Arrabales or nearby place
141
What composed the society in the province of Manila
- cosmopolitan
- pure Filipinos
- pure Chinese
- Chinese and Spanish mestizos
- Spanish and creole elements, and non-Spanish foreigners.
142
Population of Manila by 1896
340,000
143
four daily newspapers in circulation in Manila
El Diario de Manila, El Cormercio, La Voz de Ezpaña, and La Correspondencia
144
bi-weekly newspaper
La Opinion and a government newspaper Gaceta de Manila
145
telephone in _____, telegraph in ______ and cable in ______.
1890, 1873, 1880
146
The ___________ was already relatively adequate:weekly steamers plied the Mnila-Hongkong route and there was a monthly service to Barcelona; three lighthouses serviced shipping; batel and paraws abounded linking the different islands to Manila; and three kinds of horse-drawn carriages (quiles, carromata, and carruaje) filled the streets. There wad also a horse-drawn car system called the tranvia.
transporation system
147
with a provincial branch in Iloilo held the power to issue banknotes, Chartered Bank of India, Australia, and China was established in 1873, and the Hondkong and Shanghai bank in 1875
Banco Español Filipino
148
There were many other informal banks established by traders who lent money to _______, _______ or _________.
cultivators, landowners or hacienderos
149
served as
- center of religion
- progress and modernity
- politics
- trade
- education
- nationalist agitation
- revolutionary plots
- civil and military administration
Truly, she was the Philippines' primate city, seat of government, and hotbed for reform and revolution
Manila
