CHAPTER 2 - Evolution of Filipino Nationalism Flashcards
In the context of the Philippine experience, developed as consciousness of belonging to one people–the Hispanic and Catholic community all over the empire.
Nationalism
The __________, on the basis of this perception, were one with, and had equal footing with, other peoples of the Empire in Soain, America and elsewhere.
people of the Philippines
The _________, though universaistic in aspirations, was modestly nationalistic in program and goals.
assumed cultural unity
What is the basic concept of nationalism?
national identity despite the Spanish society’s universal and imperialistic structure.
Politically and territorially ________ was only established in Luzon, the Visayas and the coastal area of Mindanao.
Pax Hispanica
Two problems that were never resolved by Spanish power
- the interior and remote areas peopled by ethnic Filipinos.
- the remontados who represented a counter-culture; and the administrative dilemma presented by the struggle between localism and centralism.
were further aggravated by religious diffusion as the effectiveness of Catholicism was challenged by local conditions
fissiparous (separation) trends and tendencies
local conditions that challenged the effectiveness of Catholicism
- Competing loci of power within church
- failure of missionary or conversion work in the hinterland (isolated areas)
- failure of indoctrinating the lowland Filipinos as evidenced by the appearance of nativism and folk Catholicism
- already shattered by ethnicity and linguistic differences
*was further worsened by the infusion of the Spanish mix in the racial cauldron especially during the second half of the 19th century as manifested in the struggle between the Spanish regular clergy and the Filipino secular priests.
pre-hispanic racial unity of the Filipinos
offered a complete picture in relation to this defective integration.
-the physical isolation of the archipelago
-inaccessibility of many interior areas.
the Filipinos, whose consciousness of oneness was being aroused, were apparently aware of certain objective commonalities like
-well-defined territory
-common racial stock
-common parent language
What happened to the Filipinos’ possession of commonalities amidst their diversities with the coming of Islam and Christianity?
as enhanced with the foundation of churches with universalistic pretentions.
This natural communities (Islam and Christianity) consciousness was naturally far from uniting the people of the whole archipelago into a nation since both communities’ political and cultural institutions, social and belief systems led to further __________.
bifurcations (to divide into two branches)
In their separate ways, the Muslim and Christian communities developed different identities based on ________ but not ________ which would be anachronistic during the early centuries of Spanish rule.
universalism, nationalism
The first stage (1809-1820) in the occurence of Ohilippine nationalism was more or less based on the _________ and not on the ___________.
Christian experience, Muslim experience
the object of achieving Soanish nationhood
Hispanism
The next stage (1821-1860) in the occurence of Philippine nationalism.
the achievement of “Filipinism”–taken from the term “Filipino” in the sense of a Spaniard born in the Pholippines, or the so-called creoles.
Where was the community in this stage based?
on the oneness of the ideas of being “Filipinos” or creoles who had been the subject of social, political, and religious discrimination in a Philippine colonial situation.
The third stage (1880-1896) in the occurrence of Philippine nationalism
the community of Creole-indio identity turning the previous concept of “Filipino” as creole into Filipino as indio belonging to the enlightened and upper class of indios.
What is the dominant ideas that cohered with the national concept in the previous two stages of evolving nationalism?
assimilation, liberalism, democracy and imperialism
The goal in the first two stages?
the goal was achievement of Hispanic nationhood characterized by a cosmopolitan structure and composition of peoples within the Spanish nation.
The fourth and last stage (1896-1912) in the evolution of nationalism.
the imperial and liberal nationalism of the three earlier stages was supplanted but not annihilated by a new type of nationalism.
What was the main national idea preached?
a new and independent nation dominated by bulbs now transformed into Filipinos.
the imperial liberal nationalism of the three earlier stages was supplanted but not annihilated by a new type of nationalism.
Radical nationalism
Where was the main national idea centered?
on the concept of Katagalugan
the sense of living near or surrounded by bodies of water—a nation of tagalogs.
Katagalugan
(Filipino) Nationalism thus started out as a concept–Hispanism–which latter became “Filipinism” or “Creolism” then assimilationist or coalesced “Filipino-indio” concept, and finally the idea of ________.
Katagalugan
Year when Hispanism occurred
1809-1820
The form of Hispanism was precipitated by events in Europe when, in the course of __________ of Portugal, he decided to cross from France to Spain—and stay in the latter.
Napoleon Bonaparte’s invasion
He appointed his own brother, Joseph, as king of Spain and exiled Ferdinand VII, the absolutist king of Spanish empire.
Napoleon Bonaparte
The __________ that followed Napoleon’s usurpation in 1807 summoned the colonies, including Filipinos to unite and defend Mother Spain.
Spanish Revolution
Established by Soanish rebels
Central Revolutionary Junta at Aranjuez
Who asked in the form of decrees issued in the name of a parliamentary government, the integral units of the units of the Spanish empire to assist in overthrowing the usurper.
Spanish rebels
stressed that the old colonies were an equal and integral part of the Spanish monarchy for whom the Aranjuez Junta was acting—and thus must send their representatives to the reinvigorated Cortes, the law-making body of the Soanish government.
The decree of 1809
What is the new motherland according to the decree?
was to the object of loyalty and must be strengthened so that unity among the component units would remain solid.
were not to be considered as factories or colonies.
former imperial possessions
They were, on the contrary, i tegrak and necessary members of the monarchy’s rewards for their assistance and loyalty, the provinces had to be represented before the royal person of King Ferdinand VII and to participate in the _____________.
Junta’s interim government
The more complete form of the new national idea or Hispanism was more or less detailed in the ______________.
Constitution of Cadiz of 1812
What is the new nation according to the constitution that was composed of the United Spanish peoples all over the world?
- The people were free, independent and not vassal or owned by any single person or family.
- the form of government was a constitutional monarchy like that of England and autonomy was to be observed in the provincial units.
- The liberal contains were expressed in the provisions stressing the sanctity of the individual and the sacredness of property, freedom of petition, of the press, and of assembly.
When was the conctitution promulgated?
1812 in Manila and other provinces
Nationalsim was _______ when the elections for representatives to the Cortes were held in Manila and the other provinces in 1810.
institutionalized
What was the oath of the Constitution?
- to defend the Catholic church and the new Spanish nation.
- to free the nation from the usurper.
- to defend the king’s possessions and his royal family.
- to respect the laws of Spain.
What is the issued proclamation of the Soanish Cortes in the year 1810?
It said that all provinces in “America and Asia” were integral parts of the monarchy and their peoples were “equal in rights and privileges to those of the Peninsula…”
Where was the new nationalism that was first disseminated?
first government newspaper Del Superior Gobierno
When was the newspaper Del Superior Gobierno came out?
August 8, 1811
The newspaper publication according to Jesus Z. Valenzuela was motivated by________ or __________.
nationalism or Hispanism.
Through _________ it was held that the Filipinos’ loyalty could be maintained at the time Spain was engaged in the war of independence.
Hispanism
Primarily, nationalism in the form of Hispanism was transplanted to Manila and the Philippine soil from 1808 or 1809 to 1813 which nearly coincided with the ______________ in Spanish America.
Mexican revolution
The Spanish community in Manila according to Tomas de Comyn.
swelled from a little over 1,000 to 4,000 between 1808 and 1813
The impact of Hispanism was both ________ and ________ but nonetheless it showed that the concept was rapidly spreading among the people who appeared to understand its significance
positive and negative
- established the Cortes.
- decreed the election of delegates in Manila, among them, Ventura de los Reyes.
Junta
- a 70-year old wealthy merchant and one of the signers of the Consitution of 1812.
- proposed and succeeded in obtaining approval for the abolition of the monopolistic galleon trade with the boleta system.
Ventura de los Reyes
The next extent through which Hispanism became effective
was seen in the implementation of the principle of representation.
were ordered to form a preparatory junta each to issue instructions on the method of election of the deputados.
Capitals of the Spanish provinces overseas
The division of the Philippines
into four provinces :Manila, Nueva Segovia, Nueva Caceres and Cebu
How many district electors?
27 district electors who would elect 9 deputies and three alternates
elected educated indios in the election
Mariano Pilapil and Andres Gatmaytan
elected peninsulares and creoles
Manuel Cacho, Cayetano Zaferino, Miguel Fernandez de Luna, Roberto Pimentel, Juan de Zuñigan and others
The elected officials were unfortunate due to lack of funds, only two were sent and they were not able to hold office because ___________ returned from exile, restoring ___________ in May 1814.
Ferdinand VII, absolutism
