Chapter 2: Self and Perception

Question 1

Self

Answer 1

shapes how we communicate

Self-awareness
Self-concept
Self-esteem

Question 2

Three Components of Self

Answer 2

Self-awareness
Self-concept
Self-esteem

Question 3

Self-Awareness

Answer 3

ability to view ourselves as unique people
not only about inward analysis

Question 4

Social Comparison

Answer 4

examining others’ behaviors for comparison

Question 5

Critical self-reflection

Answer 5

special kind of self-awareness that focuses on evaluating and improving communication

Question 6

Self-Concept

Answer 6

overall assessment of who we are
based on beliefs, attitudes, and values

Question 7

Self-Verification Theory

Answer 7

choosing relational partners based on how well they support one’s self-concept

Question 8

Self-fulfilling prophecies

Answer 8

predictions about interactions that modify behavior
may cause predictions to come true

Question 9

Self-esteem

Answer 9

overall value we assign to ourselves
shapes communication, relationships, and physical and mental health
can change over time

Question 10

Self-Discrepancy Theory

Answer 10

self-esteem determined by comparison to ideal, ought self

Question 11

Ideal Self

Answer 11

all the qualities we want to possess

Question 12

Ought Self

Answer 12

the person we think other want us to be

Question 13

Intersex

Answer 13

a person possessing differences in reproductive or sexual anatomy that don’t seem to fit typical definitions of female or male

Question 14

Gender Identity

Answer 14

is our innate sense of ourselves as boy, man, or male; girl, woman, or female; gender-neutral, genderqueer, or gendernonconforming

Question 15

Sexual orientation

Answer 15

enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attraction to others
ranges along a continuum

Question 16

Culture

Answer 16

beliefs, attitudes, values, practices shared by large group of people

Question 17

Individualistic cultures

Answer 17

individual goals > group goals

Question 18

Collectivistic cultures

Answer 18

group goals, loyalty > individual goals

Question 19

Private self

Answer 19

combination of self-awareness, self-concept, self-esteem

Question 20

Public self

Answer 20

self we present to others
one of the most powerful ways of presenting public self through communication is through personal pronouns

Question 21

Face

Answer 21

positive self we want others to believe

Question 22

Mask

Answer 22

outward presentation to cover private aspects of self

Question 23

Losing Face

Answer 23

doing something that contradicts one’s face or mask
being perceived as phony
others feeling betrayed by our actions
can cause embarrassment

Question 24

Maintaining Face

Answer 24

use words and actions consistent with face we’re creating
ensure communication meshes with others’ knowledge about us
anticipate and manage events that contradict face

Question 25

Perception

Answer 25

process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting information from senses

Question 26

The Perception Process

Answer 26

select information to focus attention on
organize information into understandable pattern
Interpret meaning of pattern

Question 27

Selection

Answer 27

focus attention on certain stimuli in environment

Question 28

Organization

Answer 28

mentally structure information received through senses into coherent pattern

Question 29

Interpretation

Answer 29

assigning meaning to information selected

Question 30

Perception and Culture

Answer 30

culture has powerful effect on the perception process

Question 31

Ingroupers

Answer 31

people considered similar to ourselves

Question 32

Outgroupers

Answer 32

people not culturally similar to ourselves

Question 33

Race

Answer 33

is one of the strongest determinants of ingroup and outgroup perceptions

Question 34

Attributions

Answer 34

explanations for why things are happening

Question 35

External factors

Answer 35

Things outside the person that caused behavior

Question 36

Internal factors

Answer 36

personality, character, emotions that caused behavior

Question 37

Fundamental attribution error

Answer 37

attributing others’ behaviors to internal factors

Question 38

Actor-observer effect

Answer 38

attributing one’s own behaviors to external causes

Question 39

Self-serving bias

Answer 39

attributing one’s own successes to internal factors

Question 40

Impression

Answer 40

mental images of people
who they are
how we feel about them
can be formed quickly or slowly

Question 41

Gestalt

Answer 41

general impression of a person
form rapidly, require little mental or communicative effort

Question 42

Halo Effect

Answer 42

positive Gestalt

Question 43

Horn Effect

Answer 43

negative Gestalt

Question 44

Algebraic Impressions

Answer 44

analyzing positive and negative things about someone
calculating and updating overall impression
more accurate than Gesalts

Question 46

Stereotyping

Answer 46

categorizing people into a social group
forming assumed impressions of their character and worth based on social group

Question 47

Implicit biases

Answer 47

unrecognized attitudes and discriminatory stereotypes

Question 48

Perception-Checking

Answer 48

is a process for testing the accuracy of impressions and avoiding errors in judgment

Review knowledge of person
Assess attributions we’ve made
Question our impression
Share impression with individual
Check impression with person

Question 49

Empathy

Answer 49

“Feeling into” another person’s thoughts and emotions

Question 50

Empathy mindset

Answer 50

belief whether empathy is developed or controlled