Chapter 2 Reddy

Question 1

Peer Review

Answer 1

1. Peer reviewing is very important in publishing
2. Peer reviewed research can take anywhere from 6 months to multiple years to finish

Question 2

Peer review process

Answer 2

1. Researchers conduct a study and write up their results in a paper
2. The researchers submit their paper to an editor
3. Keeping the authors names anonymous, the editor sends the paper out to two or more reviewers who evaluate it for content and rigor
4. The reviewers decide whether the paper should be published also suggest changes (often a # of it)
5. The researcher/authors edits their paper based on the reviewers’ feedback (sometimes multiple rounds)
6. Paper is then published

Question 3

Types of Inquiry

Answer 3

1. Observation: ethnography, prolonged engagement with community; today there are both in person and online ethnographic methods
2. Material Culture: study of objects such as at a museum or in an archive
3. Historical Investigation: examination of documents, garments, and other primary sources to tell the story of the past
4. Survey: fill in the blank, check a box
5. Interviews: both individuals and focus groups (multiple people)

Question 4

Anecdotal Evidence

Answer 4

Evidence based on or consisting usually of reports or observations of unscientific observers

Question 5

Dress

Answer 5

An intentional and unintentional modification of appearance, what people do to their bodies to maintain, manage, and alter appearance
Includes objects on the body and modifications like plastic surgery

Question 6

Dressing

Answer 6

The behavior related to dress or actions related to how one appears

Question 7

Clothing

Answer 7

An example of an object worn on or around the body and refers to 3-dimensional objects that enclose and envelop the body in some way (wrapped around, suspended from, fitted to, preshaped to the body)

Question 8

Modifications

Answer 8

1. Additions or reductions to the actual body (losing weight, hair extensions)
2. Topical (changing hair color, clipping nails, tanning, braces, perfume, showering, hair implants, teeth whitening, nail polish, makeup, plastic surgery, shaving

Question 9

Four most prominent themes for how and why people dress

Answer 9

1. Protection: from natural elements
2. Modesty: avoids indecency
3. Communication: highlights various identities (age, gender, race, religion, sexuality, socio-economic status, etc)
4. Adornment: emphasizes decorative and aesthetic function

Question 10

Dress is more than objects, it is …

Answer 10

Laden with meaning

Question 11

The dressed and undressed body is…

Answer 11

A project of both conscious and subconscious continual construction

Question 12

Identity

Answer 12

Refers to an organized set of characteristics that express various aspects of who you are

Question 13

Dress is used to…

Answer 13

Communicate our identities (race, religion, sex, gender, sexuality, ability, body size)

Question 14

Identity Negotiation Processes

Answer 14

1. Contexts or situations influence individuals to dress and act differently depending on which identity is salient
2. Identities are negotiated not static
3. Especially true for people who are more than one marginalized identity (Black gay men choose in queer spaces if black or gay identity more salient)
4. The continual process of shifting and changing appearance and dress depending on the development of identity

Question 15

Socialization

Answer 15

1. Refers to learning about how to behave and appear
2. Often passed on through agents: individuals who teach us norms and values of our society through modeling or direct instruction (parents, peers, media, professionals, cultural beliefs, retailers, etc)

Question 16

Different types of identity

Answer 16

1. Places we live and transportation we use
2. Collective or social identity comes from being part of a group (school year)
3. Tied to race (African descent identify as black)]
4. An identity is personal identity (individual traits like being funny, agreeable, adventurous, etc)
5. Relational identities (father-son)

Question 17

Body Work

Answer 17

1. Managing the body through physical activity or exercise, dieting or watching what one eats, using make-up, undergoing cosmetic surgery, and many other activities
2. Hide parts of body with baggy clothes
3. Show off body with tight or low coverage clothes

Question 18

Stigma

Answer 18

Refers to a mark of shame or of disapproval or a stain on one’s reputation

Question 19

Stigmatized identities

Answer 19

Identities that violate a societal norm for a particular time or space

Question 20

Identities that experience severe stigmatization

Answer 20

1. People who are fat
2. People of color
3. Members of the LGBTQIA+ community
4. People with disabled bodies

Question 21

An individual accepting a stigma

Answer 21

may passively accept the status quo, apologize for their stigma, use humor as a source of comfort, blame the stigma for negative outcomes in one’s life, isolate themselves, or bond with other stigmatized people.

Question 22

An individual avoiding a stigma

Answer 22

might hide or deny their stigmatized attribute, avoid situations where this attribute is notable, stop the behavior that stigmatizes them, distance themselves from the stigma, or criticize others in an attempt to make themselves seem favorable by comparison.

Question 23

An individual evading responsibility for a stigma

Answer 23

may accept that they display stigmatized attributes but challenge the ways those attributes are perceived by the public

Question 24

An individual reducing the offensiveness of a stigma

Answer 24

may attempt to reclaim the stigma by reinforcing the positive aspects of their stigmatized attribute, to minimize the damage of the stigma by arguing that their stigmatized attribute is not as severe or harmful as it is depicted by the public, or to transcend the stigma by explaining how their stigmatized attribute can be a positive one.

Question 25

An individual denying a stigma

Answer 25

may attempt to prove that the attributes they are stigmatized for should not be stigmatized, providing evidence for why the public perception of their attribute needs to change or highlighting logical fallacies in the way the attribute is addressed.

Question 26

An individual who wishes to decrease a stigma

Answer 26

may ignore or display the stigmatized attribute by normalizing it or accepting it as a part of their identity