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Vascular Board > Chapter 2 Physiology and Hemodynamics > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Physiology and Hemodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

Pressure is greatest at what organ in the body

A

The heart

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2
Q

If the resistance is low what happens to the flow rate

A

It is higher

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3
Q

What governs the amount of blood that enters the arterial system

A

Cardiac output

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4
Q

If the resistance is higher what happens to the flow rate

A

It’s lower

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5
Q

What is another name for pressure energy

A

Potential

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6
Q

Pressure energy is expressed in what

A

mm Hg

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7
Q

______ energy is stored energy and is the major form of energy for circulation of blood

A

Pressure

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8
Q

______ energy is expressed in terms of fluid density and it’s velocity measurements

A

Kinetic

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9
Q

What’s another term used for gravitational energy

A

Hydrostatic pressure

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10
Q

_________ energy is equivalent to the weight of the column of blood extending from the heart to level where pressure is measured

A

Gravitational

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11
Q

What is needed to move blood from one point to another

A

Energy gradient

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12
Q

This is related to the tendency of a fluid to resist changes in its velocity

A

Inertia

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13
Q

Internal friction within a fluid is measured by its

A

Viscosity

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14
Q

Energy is lost in the form of

A

Heat

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15
Q

Elevated hematocrit does what to blood viscosity (thickness of a fluid)

A) increases
B) decreases

A

Increases

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16
Q

Severe anemia does what to blood viscosity

A) increases
B) decreases

A

B) decreases

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17
Q

How are viscosity and velocity related

A) directly
B) indirect

A

B) indirect

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18
Q

Diminishing vessel size _______ frictional forces and heat energy losses

A) increases
B) decreases

A

A) increases

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19
Q

What consists of layers of fluid particles moving against one another

A

Laminar flow

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20
Q

The fastest moving flow in located where

A

In the center

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21
Q

Laminar flow is considered

A

Stable flow

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22
Q

Plug flow is likely seen where

A

At the vessel origin

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23
Q

________ energy loss is due to increased friction between molecules and layers which ultimately cause energy loss

A

Viscous

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24
Q

________ losses occur with deviations from laminar flow due to changes in direction and or velocity

A

Inertial

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25
Q

Inertial loss occurs where in relation to a stenosis

A

At the exit

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26
Q

What type of parabolic flow profile becomes flattened and moves in a disorganized fashion

A

Inertial losses

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27
Q

What defines the relationship between pressure, volume flow and resistance

A

Poiseuille’s equation

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28
Q

What is the equation for Poiseuille

A

Q=P/R

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29
Q

What is the equation for electricity (Ohms Law)

A

I=V/R

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30
Q

The law of what explains the relationship between velocity and area

A

Law of Conservation of Mass

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31
Q

What is the equation for Law of Conservation of Mass

A

Q=A x V

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32
Q

The total energy contained in moving fluid is the sum of pressure, kinetic, and gravitational energies describes

A

Bernoulli Law

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33
Q

What is the relationship between velocity and pressure

A

Inversely related

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34
Q

________ __________ result in regions with stagnant or little movement

A

Flow separations

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35
Q

_______ flow originated from a steady driving pressure

A

Steady

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36
Q

_______ flow changed both the driving pressure conditions as well as the response of the system

A

Pulsatile

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37
Q

Forward flow throughout the periphery describes

A) systole
B) diastole

A

A) systole

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38
Q

Temporary flow reversal due to a phase shifted negative pressure gradient and peripheral resistance causing reflection of the wave proximally describes

A

Late systole/ early diastole

39
Q

This is when flow is forward again as a reflective wave hits the proximal resistance of the next incoming wave and reverses

A

Late diastole

40
Q

What type of flow is of a continuous (steady) nature feeding a dilated vascular bed

A

Low resistance

41
Q

The ICA, vertebral, renal, celiac, splenic, and hepatic arteries are what type of flow

A

Low resistance. They are constantly demanding flow

42
Q

What type of flow is of a pulsatile nature

A

High resistance

43
Q

The ECA, subclavian, aorta, iliac, extremity arteries and fasting SMA are examples of what type of flow

A

High resistance

44
Q

Doppler flow distal to a significant stenosis is _______ resistant

A) higher
B) lower

A

B) Lower

45
Q

Doppler flow proximal to a significant stenosis is ______ resistant

A) higher
B) lower

A

A) higher

46
Q

Pulsatile changes in medium and small sized arteries of the limbs are increased describes

A) Vasoconstriction
B) vasodilation

A

A) Vasoconstriction

47
Q

Pulsatile changed in medium and small sized arteries of the limbs are decreased describes

A) Vasoconstriction
B) Vasodilation

A

B) vasodilation

48
Q

Increased volume flow
Reversed flow direction
Increased velocity and
Waveform pulsatility changes describe what type of obstruction

A

Arterial

49
Q

Collaterals are usually low resistive due to ______ disease

A) proximal
B) distal

A

A) proximal

50
Q

________ is probably best single vasodilator of resistance vessels within skeletal muscle

A

Exercise

51
Q

_________ is the ability of most vascular beds to maintain a constant level of blood flow over a wide range of perfusion pressures

A

Autoregulation

52
Q

When BP rises what happens to the resistance of the vessels

A) constricts
B) dilated

A

A) constricts

53
Q

When BP falls what happens to the resistance of the vessels

A) constricts
B) dilated

A

B) dilates

54
Q

Peripheral dilatation occurs in response to ______ arterial obstruction

A) proximal
B) distal

A

A) proximal

55
Q

A ________ significant stenosis causes a noteable reduction in volume flow and pressure

A

Hemodynamically

56
Q

KNOW!
Cross sectional area reduction of _____% = a diameter reduction from of _____%

A

75, 50

57
Q

______ to a stenosis flow frequencies are usually dampened with or without disturbance
A) proximal
B) distal

A

A) proximal

58
Q

________ into the stenosis produces an increase in Doppler shift frequencies resulting in spectral broadening and elevated velocities

A

Entrance

59
Q

_______ ________ occur due to interrupted flow stability with high velocity use and eddy currents

A

Flow disturbance

60
Q

At stenosis _______ flow reversals, flow separations, vortices/eddy currents occur near edge of flow pattern

A

Exit

61
Q

Flow quality is comprised of multiple changes in direction and spectral broadening as displayed by the spectral pattern describes what type of turbulence

A

Post stenotic

62
Q

Approximately how many ml of blood is pumped into the aorta

A

70 ML

63
Q

What is amount of blood ejected called

A

Stroke volume

64
Q

What is the main form of energy present in flowing blood

A

Pressure energy

65
Q

_______ energy is created by the pumping action of the heart

A

Pressure

66
Q

_______ energy is the ability of flowing blood to do work as a result of its velocity

A

Kinetic

67
Q

Kinetic energy is proportional to the ______ of _______

A

Density of blood

68
Q

The right atrium is considered the _____ pressure reference point

A

0

69
Q

The greatest amount of energy is produced at _____ systole

A

Peak

70
Q

During the deceleration phase of the pulse cardiac output ______

A

Decreases

71
Q

What type of flow does blood move in concentric layers or laminae

A

Laminar

72
Q

During laminar flow it’s velocity is slowest at the ______ ______

A

Vessel wall

73
Q

During laminar flow it’s velocity is fastest at the ______ of the vessel

A

Center

74
Q

What are the 2 forms of laminar flow

A

1) parabolic flow
2) plug flow

75
Q

What type of flow has a profile that resembles the shape of a bullet

A

Parabolic

76
Q

During parabolic flow velocity is highest in the ______ of the lumen gradually decreasing at the vessel wall

A

Center

77
Q

________ flow occurs when all the blood cells and layers travel at the same velocity

A

Plug

78
Q

What is the relationship between viscosity and velocity

A

Inverse

79
Q

Increased viscosity = _______ velocity

A

Decreased

80
Q

Low viscosity = _____ hematocrit and severe _______

A

Low hematocrit and severe anemia

81
Q

What is the relationship between the radius of a vessel and volume flow

A

Directly proportional

82
Q

What is the relationship between vessel radius and resistance

A

Inverse

83
Q

What are 2 other names for small circular currents

A

1) eddy currents
2) vortices

84
Q

When the Reynolds number exceeds ______ laminar flow tends to become disturbed

A

20000

85
Q

Vessel wall vibration due to turbulent flow may cause ______

A

Bruits

86
Q

In the region proximal to a stenosis the pressure energy is ______ and the kinetic energy is_______

A

Higher
Lower

87
Q

Distal to a stenosis the kinetic energy ________ and the pressure energy _______

A

Decreases
Increases

88
Q

_________ ___________ are the difference be pressure between 2 points in a vessel

A

Pressure gradients

89
Q

During ______ there is no movement of blood and therefore no color in the color flow image

A

Diastole

90
Q

_______ flow is the result of a steady driving pressure that initiates movement of a viscous fluid through a conduit

A

Steady

91
Q

Non steady conditions include what 3 things

A

1) acceleration
2) deceleration
3) rest

92
Q

Flow reversal decreases or is absent with _________

A

Vasodilation

93
Q

Vasodilation can be produced by what 3 things

A

1) body heating
2) exercise
3) stenosis

94
Q

Flow reversal increases with _______

A

Vasoconstriction

Vascular Board (29 decks)

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