Chapter 2 - Perspectives

Question 1

Biological perspective

Answer 1

bodily events and changes are associated with behaviour, feelings, and thoughts

• ex) nervous system, brain activity, genetics

Question 2

Psychodynamic perspective

Answer 2

role of unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories in our daily lives

freud

Question 3

Humanistic perspective

Answer 3

view of human beings and their substantial capacity to be self-determining

offer a more holistic view of human life

Question 4

Cognitive perspective

Answer 4

role of internal mental processes in human thought, behaviour, and emotion

ex) study the brain in specialized parts

Question 5

Sociocultural perspective

Answer 5

focuses on how social and cultural forces impact thought, behaviour, emotion

Question 6

Sigmund Freud

Answer 6

believed psychological processes are flows of psychological energy in brain

consciousness

divided the brain into conscious, preconscious, and unconscious

Question 7

Conscious

Answer 7

awareness of the self in space and time

Question 8

Learning Perspective

Answer 8

role of the environment and experience in shaping human behaviour, feelings, and thoughts through patterns of reward and punishment

behaviourist; social cognititve theorists

Question 9

Types of behavioural learning

Answer 9

classical conditioning - neutral stimulus is associated with a natural response

operant conditioning

Observational learning - learn through observation

Question 10

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 10

act of doing something without any external rewards

ex) because you like doing the activity

Question 11

Extrinsic motivation

Answer 11

motivated to earn a reward or avoid punishment

Question 12

Types of conscious experiences

Answer 12

phenomenal - in the moment

access - recalls experiences from memory

Question 13

Freud - Id, ego, super ego

Answer 13

id - instinct part of the mind that contains sexual and aggressive drives and hidden memories

ego - realistic part that mediates between the desires of the id and the super ego - conscious mind

super ego - moral conscience - parent figure

Question 14

Id, ego, superego and conscious levels

Answer 14

conscious - ego
preconscious - superego and a bit of ego
unconscious - id and a bit of superego

Question 15

Preconscious

Answer 15

thoughts that are unconscious at the particular moment but are available for recall

ex) “tip of the tongue”

Question 16

Unconscious

Answer 16

outside conscious awareness like memories, thoughts and urges we are not aware of

Question 17

Psychoanalysis

Answer 17

analysis that attempts to affect behavioral change through having patients talk about their difficulties

Question 18

operant conditioning

Answer 18

how an organism operates on the environment/how it responds to environment

reinforcement - increase behaviour

• positive - ADD stimulus following good behaviour (ex. giving a treat when the dog sits)
• negative - REMOVE stimulus
  
  • escape - remove bad stimulus following good behaviour (ex. turning off alarm clock by pressing snooze)
• avoidance - behaviour avoids bad stimulus (ex. studying to avoid getting bad grade)

punishment - adding something to decrease behaviour

- positive - ADD bad stimulus following behaviour. (ex. spanking a child for cursing)    - negative - REMOVE appetitive stimulus following behaviour (ex. telling the child to go to his room for cursing)

Question 19

positive psychology

Answer 19

combines emotion and intuition with reason and research