Chapter 13 - Social Psychology

Question 1

Social Psychology

Answer 1

how other influence our thoughts, feelings, and behaviours

• the way we see the world, what we think and feel

Question 2

social norms + roles

Answer 2

formal and informal rules and patterns that guide social life

Question 3

Persuasion (social influence)

Answer 3

• influencing attitudes or behaviours through communication

Advertisements;

• scarcity effect - only 2 left
• reciprocity effect - you scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours
• social proof - kylie jenner says sugar bear hair works

Question 4

Conformity (social influence)

Answer 4

• tendency to act and think like the people around us

driven by:

• not wanting to stand out
• unconsciously copy them
• maybe they know something i don’t - informational influence

Question 5

attraction

Answer 5

• why you develop an interest in certain people over others

Question 6

Exposure (reason of attraction)

Answer 6

• the girl or boy next door effect

- like them bc you have been exposed so many times

Question 7

Birds of a feather (reason of attraction)

Answer 7

• attracted to those who are similar to us in social characteristics - attitudes, intelligence, attractiveness

Question 8

Physical attractiveness (reason of attraction)

Answer 8

universal attractive features for males and females

Question 9

Interpersonal marketplace (reason of attraction)

Answer 9

• women’s worth based on looks

- men’s worth based on success

Question 10

Reinforcement theory (reason of attraction)

Answer 10

we like people who confer rewards on us

• interacting with similar others is emotionally rewarding
• physically attractive partners are socially rewarding

Question 11

Sociobiology (reason of attraction)

Answer 11

sexual strategies theory

• men like women younger than them because they are more likely to have healthy children

Question 12

Likeability (reason of attraction)

Answer 12

you think your friends are hotter than they are because you know their personality and not just based on looks

Question 13

Obedience (social influence)

Answer 13

following orders or requests from people perceived to be in a position of authority

Question 14

Obedience study

Answer 14

Milgram

participant, experimenter, confederate who pretended to be a participant (learner)

• 66% of participants shocked all the way
• tested to see if people would keep shocking when the learner screamed in pain (lots hesitated but were told that the study requires them to go on)

Question 15

Social cognition

Answer 15

how we think about and feel toward others

- what are we doing and why?

Question 16

Attitudes (concept of social cognition)

Answer 16

set of opinions, beliefs and feelings about people, groups, ideas, or activities

evaluating an entity with some degree of favour

explicit, implicit

Question 17

Social identities

Answer 17

a person’s self-concept that is based on their identification with a nation, religious group, occupation

related to social rules but not individual characteristics

Question 18

stereotype

Answer 18

impression of a group in where a person believes that all members of the group have a common trait

ex) the elderly are frail
* not all stereotypes are negative* - kids love to play and eat ice cream

Question 19

prejudice

Answer 19

how a person feels about an individual based on their group membership
- includes emotions, thoughts

ex) redheads are heartbreakers

Question 20

discrimination

Answer 20

treating members of a certain group in away that follows prejudice held against the group

Question 21

Validity effect (influencing attitudes)

Answer 21

tendency to believe something is true or valid simply because it has been repeated many times

ex) full moon makes people crazy

Question 22

Familiarity effect (influencing attitudes)

Answer 22

the tendency for people to feel more positive toward a person, item as they become familiar with it

ex) we buy lots of cheerios bc we see lots of cheerio commercials
- when you go to a party you might hang out with ppl you are familiar with even tho you might not like them

Question 23

Attribution theory

Answer 23

we are motivated to explain our own and other people’s behaviour by assigning causes/motives to these acts

how people explain causes of behaviour and events

Question 24

Fundamental attribution error

Answer 24

tend to overestimate personality factors when explaining other people’s behaviour and underestimate the influence of the situation

Question 25

Diffusion of responsibility (how people behave in crowds)

Answer 25

responsibility for an outcome is spread among many people, reducing an individual’s sense of accountability

Ex) the more people that are around, the less likely each person feels they should help (little girl in china)

Question 26

Deindividuation (how people behave in crowds)

Answer 26

individuals lose awareness of their own individuality and are ran by the mood/actions of large crowds

ex) marty graw boob flash on the streets - we don’t do this everyday

Question 27

why do people obey social roles/situational norms

Answer 27

• threat of punishment
• hope of reward
• perceived legitimacy of authority figures
• process of entrapment

Question 28

coercive persuasion

Answer 28

attempts to influence the beliefs, attitudes, or behaviours of others by suppressing an individuals ability to make choices for their best interest

Question 29

coercive persuasion factors

Answer 29

1. entrapment (obedience)
2. problems explained by simple attributions (situational, self not to blame)
3. continuous exposure to symbols (familiarity and validity effect)
4. promise of salvation (reward-obedience)
5. control access to disconfirming information (silencing disagreement - obedience)

Question 30

Situational attributions

Answer 30

assigning the cause to behaviour to some situation or event outside the person’s control

ex) a student fails an exam and the parents think the questions were difficult or she had a bad teacher

Question 31

Dispositional attributions

Answer 31

assigning the cause or responsibility of a certain behavior or action to the internal characteristic

ex) a student fails an exam an exam. her parents think its because she pay enough attention in class