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Interpersonal Communications > Chapter 2- Perception And Communicarion > Flashcards

Chapter 2- Perception And Communicarion Flashcards

1
Q

What is perception

A

Learned not an innate ability

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2
Q

When does perception occur

A

When we sense data
Sight hearing smell taste touch
Is transmitted to the brain

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3
Q

Define perception

A

The process of selecting
Organizing
And interpreting sensory information

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4
Q

Is seeing the same as perceiving

A

Nope

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5
Q

Why is it important to study perception?

A

The relationship between comm and perception is reciprocal and because we often communicate on the basis of different perceptions

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6
Q

Example of reciprocal relationship

A

If a significant other told you to lose a few pounds. Would you take it as a compliment or insult?

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7
Q

What is our perception of reality made out of?

A

Communication

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8
Q

What is an example of someone else’s perceptions becoming a reality?

A

Friend tells you not to enroll in a professors class because he grades bad and treats kids poorly

Means you won’t enroll in class because teacher is mean= now your perception of the teacher is that he’s mean

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9
Q

What is different reality?

A

Ones perception of a noun is not the same as another’s perception

People have different realities and perceptions

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10
Q

An example of different reality?

A

The “mean professor” is actually cool and isn’t unreasonable. It makes you wonder why your friend had a weird assumption about him

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11
Q

What does competent communication involve?

A

Speakers and listeners who communicate freely and openly about their and others perceptions and what influences their perceptions

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12
Q

Does competent communication maintain perspectives yet consider opposing information?

A

Yes

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13
Q

What are he stages in the perception process

A

Selection
Organization
And interpretation

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14
Q

Define selection

A

We select from the environment the stimuli we want to attend (perceive)

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15
Q

Example of selection

A

Walking into my comm class and not remember smells or who all I passed by in class

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16
Q

What two stimuli fall under selection

A

Salience

Vividness

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17
Q

Define salience

A

The stimuli that is selected from the environment based on its interest, use, and meaning to us

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18
Q

Example of salience

A

At the store and you pay no attention to the convo around you. Then suddenly someone says your name and you start listening

This is because our names are important to us

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19
Q

Define vividness

A

They are noticeable

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20
Q

Example of vividness

A

A loud girl
A tall boy
The student that says too many “y’know?”

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21
Q

Define organization

A

We categorize different stimuli we have selected from the environment and make sense of it

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22
Q

What are the four ways of organization?

A

Schemas

Figure- ground

Proximity and similarity

Closure

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23
Q

Define schemas

A

Mental plates that enable us to organize and classify stimuli into manageable groups or categories

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24
Q

What are schemas, typically?

A

General views of people and their social roles

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25
Q

Example of schemas

A 
Categorize others based off of:
Appearance (pretty ugly fat)
Group membership (religion, political Status)
Roles (parent student professor)
Or an absent memory
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26
Q

What is a more specific example of schemas

A

Friend asks me to babysit 5 year old child

I have the schemas “young children have short attention spans”

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27
Q

What do we risk with schemas

A

Stereotyping

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28
Q

Define figure ground organization

A

A portion of stimuli selected from the environment is the focal point of our attention and the rest is placed on the background

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29
Q

Example of figure-ground organization

A

When we hear multiple conversations in public but our minds only focus on one. The rest fades in the background

Another one: the odd shapes unless I can see east

30
Q

What are the three ways we can organize our perceptions

A

Schemas

Figure ground

Proximity and similarity

Closure

31
Q

Define proximity

A

When we group stimuli that are physically close to each other

32
Q

Examples of proximity

A

If the professor talks about the class getting low scores on a test, then calls your name to speak after class. But then the professor wants to talk about something completely different

33
Q

Define similarity

A

We group elements on size, shape, color, and other characteristics

34
Q

Example of similarity

A

Jocks- loud and obnoxious

Artists- introverted and quiet

35
Q

Define closure

A

Filling in the missing pieces to form a complete picture

36
Q

Example of closure

A

Filling in missing information to make sense of your communications to understand people

Ex- explaining actions of an acquaintance who won’t leave a cheating significant other

37
Q

Define interpretation

A

We selected and organized the stimuli from the environment and not we assign meaning to the stimuli

38
Q

Example of interpretation

A

If we see our roommate (selection)
Frowning (organization)
Unhappy (interpretation)

39
Q

What is interpretation influenced by

A

Expectancy and familiarity

40
Q

Define expectancy

A

What we expect to perceive

41
Q

What happens in expectancy

A

We are accustomed to stimuli in a retain way and don’t perceive the obvious

42
Q

An example of expectancy

A

Written a paper
Proof read it
And still didn’t catch the obvious misspellings

43
Q

Define familiarity

A

How familiar we are with the stimuli

44
Q

What does familiarity add

A

What we expect to perceive

45
Q

Example of familiarity

A

Getting a paper back that has words written twice because we are used to seeing what we write that we neglect the word written twice

46
Q

How do expectancy and familiarity work together

A

Used to seeing things a certain way, that you don’t expect for t to change

47
Q

Example of familiarity and expectancy WORKING together

A

Your friend gets a hair cut, braces off, shaved beard, and you don’t notice because you were not expecting a change in their familiar appearance

48
Q

Does our reality match the reality of others? Even if we perceive the same stimuli

A

Nope

49
Q

What can result from perceiving things differently

A

Various perceptual errors and biases

50
Q

Why do perceptual biases occur?

A

We all perceive things differently

51
Q

What can perceptual biases effect

A

How we communicate with others

How we perceive others communication

How we interpret and evaluate others behavior

52
Q

What is an example of a worse case scenario of a perceptual bias?

A

An employee has the tag- low productivity

Supervisor thinks it’s a defect or a negative characteristic. And might deny raise or result to termination

BUT employee might have bad coworkers or faulty equipment

53
Q

In what two ways can our perceptions of sense data be biased

A

SELECTIVE attention

SELECTIVE perception

54
Q

Define SELECTIVE attention

A

When we ignore certain parts of a stimulus and attend to others

55
Q

Example of SELECTIVE attention

A

Parents- “well buy you a car if you pay for the gas insurance and maintenance

Child only hears “well buy you a car”

56
Q

Define SELECTIVE perception

A

Occurs when we see what we want to see, hear what we want to hear, and believe what we want to believe

57
Q

Example of SELECTIVE perception

A

Love is blind

Someone in love will ignore bad characteristics and only see the good

58
Q

What are the three main perceptual biases

A

Selectivity

Confusing fact wth inference

Attributional errors

59
Q

Define inference

A

Interpretation based on a fact

60
Q

Example of an inference

A

“She wore an ugly dress”

“He left the airport a long time ago.”

61
Q

Define facts

A

Independently verifiable by others such as she wore a red dress

He left for the airport at 7:15 am

62
Q

What are facts ascertained by

And how is this different than inference

A

After Observation

Inferences can be made anytime

63
Q

Do facts approach certainty?

A

Yes

And inferences have various degrees of probability

64
Q

Which is limited? Facts or inferences?

A

Facts

Inferences are unlimited

65
Q

Which leads to more disagreement? Inferences or facts

A

Inferences

Facts lead to agreement

66
Q

What can confusing facts with inferences lead to

A

Perceptual biases and problematic communication

67
Q

Define attributions

A

Reasons for or causes of behavior

68
Q

Who is the father of attribution theory?

A

Fritz Heider

69
Q

Define attribution theory

A

Explains exactly how we create explanations or attach meaning to our own or another’s behavior

70
Q

Define fundamental attribution error

A

When we overemphasize inherent characteristics or personality and underemphasize situational factors when we explain the reasons for others behavior

Interpersonal Communications (9 decks)

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