Chapter 2: New World Experiments - England's 17th Century Colonies Flashcards
James I (1603-1625)
Successor of Queen Elizabeth.
fought with parliament over constitutional and representative government, and his policies sparked discontent.
Charles I (1625-1649)
Successor of Queen Elizabeth.
Ruled alone, without parliament starting 1629.
1640 - king called parliament back because he ran out of money. Parliament called for constitutional reform.
Died in 1649 - beheaded
Puritains
Demanded extreme purification of religious rituals. They though the Church of England was too much like the Catholic Church.
Joint Stock Company
fund raising system of Elizabeth’s time. A business in which people could invest in without fear of bankruptcy.
Virginia Company
New name of the London Company.
Was given a charter for the Virginia area by James I.
Colonists on the land were all male, were not prepared to work they way they had to, and expected to instantly become wealthy on arrival.
Colony was “saved” by Captain John Smith.
Really saved by Governor De La Warr, but the colony never flourished.
“starving time”
the winter of 1609.
suicide and cannibalism were common
Powhatans
thought that being allies with the English would give them the upper hand in their wars.
Settlers and natives could not live in peace, and the natives tried to run the settlers out of VA.
John Rolfe
Husband of Pocahantas and first man to cultivate tobacco.
Tobacco made money, and people literally through themselves into the work.
Sir Edward Sandys
New head of the VA Company, put life back in the organization.
Relaxed material law and promise elected representation in the House of Burgesses.
Pushed cotton and sugar growing as other means of profit.
House of Burgesses
elected representation of the people of the VA colony.
Sir Edward Sandys
Headright system
pay for the transportation and get 50 acres of land for a small rent. The more servants you bring, the mor eland you get.
Indentured servants
made the majority of the population of this colony.
Serve for a set amount of years for a master who paid for the cost of travel.
Were cheated out of the land they were promised.
Royal Colony
Since no one could keep the VA colony together, James I dissolved the VA Company and appointed a governor and council.
Opposed the House, but they kept meeting anyway.
Cecilius Calvert
Son of King’s ex-secretary of state, George Calvert.
Was given charter for the land over VA. Called Maryland, after the queen.
Maryland = a haven for Catholics and a money making business.
Proprietary Colony
Based on ideas for the feudal period.
Turned Cecilius into a lord with royal control. Controlled all whom lived on his 6 million acres.
Those with 6000+ acres were “lords”
the people refused their feudal roles and fought their “lords”.
Act of Toleration
Passed to settle conflicts between the catholics and puritains.
Puritains repealed the act and, later, this caused a civil war.
Pilgrims
English farmers
Separatists
Moved to Holland to escape the Anglican Church, but then left for America due to fear of losing themselves in Dutch culture.
English investors interested in religious reform.
William Bradford
Author of “Of Plymouth Plantation”
Left for America with the Pilgrims.
colony would not have survived without him.
Mayflower
the ship the pilgrims used to get to America
Mayflower Compact
binding the pilgrims, and others, together as a political and civil body.
Plymouth Colony
Pilgrim colony
Farming communities where the people live off the grain they grew and te animals they bred.
Puritains
Not so much of a strict, nosy people with dull clothing, but, rather, radical religious reformers.
Predestination
Core belief of the puritains.
Only the elect will go to heaven come judgement day.
The Elect
Predestination
Puritains were on the look out for these perfect beings who followed scripture, etc.
John Winthrop
Governor of Massachusetts Bay and Puritan.
Winthrop believed God would punish the English, but would provide a safe haven for the Puritans.
Safe Haven = America
“The Great Migration”
Large scale migration of puritains to America.
Sex ratio is more balanced
“The City on a Hill”
Goal of the puritains, make the perfect role model for other religious settlements
Congregationalism
Churches run by the congregation
Roger Williams
Challenger of puritain orthodoxy.
-preached extreme separatism - impure to be attached to impurity
-Punish not those who have different beliefs
Compromise failed - was banished with his followers and then started Providence (future Rhode Island) in 1636
Anne Hutchinson
Challenger of puritain orthodoxy.
-Antinomianism - faith alone is necessary for salvation
-Vocal about her beliefs - shared with many women
-Winthrop saw her teaching as a gate to civil and religious anarchy
She was taken and cross examined in General Court and held her own, but eventually tripped herself up.
She and her followers were banished to Rhode Island
Thomas Hooker
An important Connecticut Minister, helped New England to define Congregational polities (Fundamental Orders)
Henry Hudson
was hired by the Dutch to explore the Hudson river
Peter Stuyvesant
Last Dutch General Governor.
Begged his people not to surrender to the English, they disobeyed.
Colonel Richard Nicolls
british commander of the warships during operation scare-the-shit-out-of-the-dutch.
Became governor of New Netherlands.
New Netherlands
Dutch settlement.
Had a small population, but was very diverse.
Those in power were corrupt: they lined their own pockets and ignored company directives.
Dutch settlers were paid to find furs.
Land was taken by the English and given to the Duke of York.
Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret
were bother given charters for New Jersey.
Who owned what?
Wanted the colonists to pay to them.
Berkeley gave his land to the Quakers
Squanto
an english speaking native that taught the pilgrims how to hunt and farm.
William Penn
Quaker who founded Pennsylvania
Quakers
Believed that:
-Everyone could be saved
-Beliefs were a liberating invitation to lower class
-humility - simple clothes, etc
-Pacifists
Very vocal
Others got fed up with ‘em - threw them in jail or put them to death
“Holy Experiment”
Pennsylvania
Anthony Ashley Cooper
Earl of Shaftesbury
Founded Carolina/Charlestown
James Oglethorpe
British general
Saw Georgia as a place for the poor and a military post.
Rum was illegal, migrants got 50 acres -> Trustees were mean.
Eventually, restrictions on slaves and rum were lifted.
