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Psych 105 > Chapter 2 - Methods in Psychology > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Methods in Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

the set of principles about the appropriate relationship between ideas using empirical evidence, used to establish facts:

A

the scientific method

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2
Q

what is empiricism?

A

the belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation

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3
Q

what is dogmatism?

A

a description of the tendency to cling to one’s beliefs

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4
Q

an explanation of a natural phenomenon which can never be proved right:

A

theory

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5
Q

a falsifiable prediction made by a theory:

A

hypothesis

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6
Q

who was the world’s first scientist? what did they study?

A

Mary Somerville, a remarkable astronomer, chemist, and physicist

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7
Q

what does it mean to observe?

A

the use of one’s senses to learn about the properties of an event or an object

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8
Q

what are the limits of everyday observation?

A

inconsistent, incomplete

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9
Q

what are scientific methods for overcoming the limitations of observation?

A

measurement, description

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10
Q

the description of a property in measurable terms:

A

operational definition

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11
Q

the extent to which the thing being measured adequetly characterizes the property:

A

construct validity

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12
Q

the tendency for a measure to produce the same measurement whenever it is used to measure the same thing:

A

reliability

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13
Q

the ability of a measure to detect conditions specified in the operational definition:

A

power

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14
Q

what are the two key steps in the measurement of a property?

A

1) define the property
2) detect the property

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15
Q

what is a demand characteristic?

A

an aspect of an observational setting that cause people to behave as they think someone else wants or expects

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16
Q

what is the problem with demand characteristics?

A

they make it hard to measure behaviour as it would naturally unfold

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17
Q

what is naturalistic observation?

A

unobtrusively observing people in their natural environments

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18
Q

what are the three main techniques for avoiding demand characteristics?

A
  • privacy
  • control
  • unawareness
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19
Q

the tendency for observers’ expectations to influence what they believe they observed and what they actually observed is known as:

A

observer bias

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20
Q

how is observer bias avoided?

A

with a double-blind study

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21
Q

a complete collection of people:

A

population

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22
Q

a partial collection of people drawn from a population:

A

sample

23
Q

what are the two techniques psychologists use to analyze data?

A
  • graphic representations
  • descriptive statistics
24
Q

what are the two forms of graphic representation used by psychologists?

A
  • frequency distribution
  • normal distribution
25
Q

a graphic representation showing the number of times in which the measurement of a property takes on each of its possible values:

A

frequency distribution

26
Q

a mathematically defined frequency distribution in which most of the measurements are concentrated around the middle:

A

normal distribution

27
Q

what are descriptive statistics?

A

a brief summary of essential information from a frequency distribution

28
Q

tell how much the measurements differ from each other or how wide the distribution is:

A

variability

29
Q

the value of the largest measurement in a frequency distribution minus the value of the smallest measurement:

A

range

30
Q

a statistic that describes the average difference between the measurements in frequency distribution and the mean of that distribution:

A

standard deviation

31
Q

what is a correlation?

A

the relationship between variables in which variations in the value of one variable are synchronized with variations in the value of the other

32
Q

true or false: correlation = causation

A

false

33
Q

correlation directions can be either _______ or _______, with a range (r) of ____ to ____

A

negative, positive
-1.0, +1.0

34
Q

measures the direction and strength of a correlation:

A

correlation coefficient (r)

35
Q

correlations observed in the world around us:

A

natural correlations

36
Q

a natural correlation between two variables which cannot be taken as evidence of a causal relationship between them because a thrid variable might be causing them both:

A

thrid-variable problem

37
Q

what is experimentation?

A

a technique for establishing the causal relationships between variables

38
Q

the variable that is manipulated in an experiment:

A

independent variable

39
Q

the variable that is measured in an experiment:

A

dependent variable

40
Q

the technique for determining the causal power of a variable by actively changing its value:

A

manipulation

41
Q

a procedure that lets chance assign participants to the experiment or control group:

A

random assignment

42
Q

a problem that occurs when anything about a participant determines whether or not they will be included in the experimental or control group:

A

self-selection

43
Q

when p < 0.05, this means the results:

A

are statistically significant

44
Q

the attribute of an experiment that allows it to establish causal relationships:

A

internal validity

45
Q

the attribute of an experiment in which variables have been operationally defined in a representative way:

A

external validity

46
Q

a method of gathering scientific knowledge by studying a single individual:

A

case method/study

47
Q

a technique for choosing participants to ensure that every member of a population has an equal chance of being included in the sample:

A

random sampling

48
Q

acceptable technique if the similarity between a sample and population doesn’t matter, when direct replication is available, and if the similarity between the two is a reasonable starting assumption:

A

nonrandom sampling

49
Q

is nonrandom sampling a fatal flaw in pschological science?

A

no

50
Q

an experiment that uses the same procedures as a previous experiment but with a new sample from the same population:

A

replication

51
Q

an error that occurs when researchers conclude that there is a causal relationship between two variables when there is not

A

type I error

52
Q

an error that occurs when researchers conclude that there is not a causal relationship between two variables when, in fact, there is:

A

type II error

53
Q

describes the core principles, based on respect for human dignity, that all research involving human participants must follow:

A

the Tri-Council Policy Statement (TCPS)

54
Q

governs the standards for the ethical use and care of animals in research:

A

Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC)

Psych 105 (9 decks)

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