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Psych 105 > Chapter 13 - Social Psychology > Flashcards

Chapter 13 - Social Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

the study of the causes and consequences of sociality

A

social psychology

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2
Q

behaviour whose purpose is to harm another

A

aggression

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3
Q

how many animals use agression to achieve their goals?

A

all of them

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4
Q

what are the two main types of agression

A

proactive and reactive

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5
Q

the type of agression that is planned and purposeful

A

proactive agression

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6
Q

the type of agression where something happens to you and you react with agression

A

reactive agression

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7
Q

is there a positive correlation between heat and agression?

A

yes

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8
Q

the best predictor of the kind of aggression employed

A

gender

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9
Q

men are responsible for _____% of murders and _____% of all violent criems in the United States

A

90%, 80%

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10
Q

while men tend to respond with reactive, physical aggression, womens aggression tends to be:

A

proactive and verbal

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11
Q

challenging one’s beliefs about personal status or dominance provoke an:

A

aggressive response

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12
Q

who is most prone to an aggressive response?

A

males with high self-esteem

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13
Q

true or false: agression changes over time and varies across loacation

A

true

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14
Q

culture can affect standards of agressive acts by promoting or discouraging aggression. list an example:

A
  • higher murder rate, higher per capita gun rate’
  • violent movies and video games
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15
Q

behaviour by two or more individuals that leads to mutual benefit

A

cooperation

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16
Q

one of the most beneficial and significant acievements of humankind

A

cooperation

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17
Q

positive or negative evaluation of another person based on group membership

A

prejudice

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18
Q

everyone has the same information and knowledge

A

common knowledge effect

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19
Q

bias in common knowledge is used to lead groups toward extreme ideals

A

group polarization

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20
Q

the tendency for groups to reach a consensus and achieve harmony, supressing critical thinking

A

groupthink

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21
Q

occurs when immersion in a group causes you to lose your individuality and you become less aware of your own ideals

A

deindividuation

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22
Q

individuals don’t need to take responsibility because others will pick up the slack or because others were doing it

A

diffusion of social responsibility

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23
Q

when someone puts in less effort when they’re judged as part of a group

A

social loafing

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24
Q

recognizing a potentially harmful situation or interaction and choosing to respond in a way that could positively influence the outcome

A

bystandard intervention

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25
Q

level of atrocity increases with

A

mob size

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26
Q

intentional behaviour that benefits another at potential cost to oneself

A

altruism

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27
Q

process by which evolution selects for individuals who cooperate with their relatives

A

kin selection

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28
Q

behaviour that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future

A

reciprocal altruism

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29
Q

when selecting sexual partners, who tends to be choosier?

A

women

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30
Q

attraction (feeling of preference) to another is caused by:

A

situational, physical, and psychological factors

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31
Q

indicates that the tendency for liking increases with frequency of exposure

A

mere exposure effect

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32
Q

true or false: most people ten to approach, date, and marry someone about as attractive as they are

A

true

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33
Q

the tendency of people to like people who are similar to themselves

A

homophily

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34
Q

most nonhuman animals have relationships that end:

A

about ten seconds after sex is over

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35
Q

experience involving feelings of euphoria, intimacy, and intense sexual attraction

A

passionate love

36
Q

experience involving affection, trust, and concern for a partners well-being

A

companionate love

37
Q

how long do people remain in relationships?

A

only as long as they perceive a favourable ratio of costs to benefits

38
Q

cost-benefit ratio that people believe they deserve or could attain in another relationship

A

comparison level for alternatives

39
Q

state of affairs in which the cost-benefit ratios of the two partners are roughly equal

A

equity

40
Q

involves processes by which people come to understand others

A

social cognition

41
Q

what are the two types of inferences people make about others?

A

1) category-based inferences
2) target-based inferences

42
Q

process of drawing inferences about individuals based on their category membership

A

stereotyping

43
Q

what are the four main properties of stereotypes that lead to misuse?

A
  • inaccuracy
  • overuse
  • self-perpetuation
  • unconsciousness/ automaticity
44
Q

conformation bias leads to:

A

illusory correlations

45
Q

categorization can influence how we see ________ and estimate _________

A

colours, distances

46
Q

your performance matches the stereotype you subscribe to

A

behavioural conformation/ self-fulfilling prophecy

47
Q

observers perceive what they expect to

A

perceptual conformation

48
Q

people see disconfirming evidence about their stereotypes and have to change their beliefs based on what they see

A

subtyping

49
Q

what test examines stereotyping unconsciosciousness and automaticity?

A

Implicit Association Test

50
Q

what is the most effective technique against stereotypes?

A

seeing people in a certain group defying their stereotype

51
Q

what is the least effective technique against stereotypes?

A

techniques encouraging people to be compassionate or take the persective of people within a certain group

52
Q

inference about the cause of a person’s behaviour

A

attribution

53
Q

what are the two main types of attributions?

A

dispositional and situational

54
Q

what type of attribution is characterized by low consistency, high consensus, and high distinction?

A

situational attribution

55
Q

what type of attribution is characterized by high consistency, low consensus, and low distinctiveness?

A

dispositional attribution

56
Q

a generalization about a group which leads to stereotypes is known as a:

A

ultimate attribution error

57
Q

the tendency to make a dispositional attribution when we should instead make a situational attribution

A

fundamental attribution error

58
Q

true or false: fundamental attribution errors are stronger in some cultures and/or situations than in others

A

true

59
Q

the tendency to make situational attrubutions for our behaviours while making dispositional attributions for the identical behaviours of others

A

actor-observer effect

60
Q

the ability to change or direct another person’s behaviour

A

social influence

61
Q

what are the three basic motivations for attempts at social influence?

A
  • hedonic
  • approval
  • accuracy
62
Q

pleasure seeking is the most basic of all motives

A

hedonic motive

63
Q

when an expected external reward decreases the intrinsic motivation to do a task

A

overjustification effect

64
Q

an unpleasant motivational arousal that emerges when people experience a threat to, or loss of, their free behaviours

A

reactance

65
Q

acceptance by others is a powerful motive that we depend on for safety, sustencance and solidarity

A

approval motive - norms

66
Q

doing what is considered appropriate

A

norms

67
Q

people are expected to repay in kind what others have done for them

A

norm of reciprocity

68
Q

refers to a situation where an individual conforms to the norms of a group so they don’t become outcast

A

normative influence

69
Q

getting someone to say no to an initial thing and then influence their behaviour

A

door-in-the-face technique

70
Q

other people can also influence us by defining new norms in ambiguous, confusing, or novel situations

A

approval motive - conformity

71
Q

doing what we see others do

A

conformity

72
Q

in many situations, a few people are recognized as having special authority both to define norms and enforce them

A

approval motive - obedience

73
Q

the tendency to do what powerful people tell us to do

A

obedience

74
Q

obedience is due to:

A

normative pressure

75
Q

attitudes tell us what we should do, and beliefs tell us how to do it

A

accuracy motive - attitudes and beleifs

76
Q

an enduring positive or negative evaluation of an object or event

A

attitude

77
Q

an enduring piece of knowledge about an object or event

A

belief

78
Q

occurs when another person’s behaviour provides information about what is good or bad

A

informational influence

79
Q

when communication from another person influences a person’s attitudes or beliefs

A

persuasion

80
Q

according to the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion, there are two types of persuasion:

A

central route persuasion and peripheral route persuasion

81
Q

uses facts and information to persuade people

A

central-route persuasion

82
Q

uses positive association with cues such as beauty, fame, and posistive emotions

A

peripheral-route persuasion

83
Q

central-route persuasion appeals to ___________ while peripheral-route persuasion appeals to ___________

A

logic and reason, habit and emotion

84
Q

tenchnique that involves a small request followed by a larger request

A

foot-in-the-door technique

85
Q

unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of their actions, attitudes, or beliefs

A

cognitive dissonance

86
Q
A

Psych 105 (9 decks)

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