Chapter 13 - Social Psychology

Question 1

the study of the causes and consequences of sociality

Answer 1

social psychology

Question 2

behaviour whose purpose is to harm another

Answer 2

aggression

Question 3

how many animals use agression to achieve their goals?

Answer 3

all of them

Question 4

what are the two main types of agression

Answer 4

proactive and reactive

Question 5

the type of agression that is planned and purposeful

Answer 5

proactive agression

Question 6

the type of agression where something happens to you and you react with agression

Answer 6

reactive agression

Question 7

is there a positive correlation between heat and agression?

Answer 7

yes

Question 8

the best predictor of the kind of aggression employed

Answer 8

gender

Question 9

men are responsible for _____% of murders and _____% of all violent criems in the United States

Answer 9

90%, 80%

Question 10

while men tend to respond with reactive, physical aggression, womens aggression tends to be:

Answer 10

proactive and verbal

Question 11

challenging one’s beliefs about personal status or dominance provoke an:

Answer 11

aggressive response

Question 12

who is most prone to an aggressive response?

Answer 12

males with high self-esteem

Question 13

true or false: agression changes over time and varies across loacation

Answer 13

true

Question 14

culture can affect standards of agressive acts by promoting or discouraging aggression. list an example:

Answer 14

• higher murder rate, higher per capita gun rate’
• violent movies and video games

Question 15

behaviour by two or more individuals that leads to mutual benefit

Answer 15

cooperation

Question 16

one of the most beneficial and significant acievements of humankind

Answer 16

cooperation

Question 17

positive or negative evaluation of another person based on group membership

Answer 17

prejudice

Question 18

everyone has the same information and knowledge

Answer 18

common knowledge effect

Question 19

bias in common knowledge is used to lead groups toward extreme ideals

Answer 19

group polarization

Question 20

the tendency for groups to reach a consensus and achieve harmony, supressing critical thinking

Answer 20

groupthink

Question 21

occurs when immersion in a group causes you to lose your individuality and you become less aware of your own ideals

Answer 21

deindividuation

Question 22

individuals don’t need to take responsibility because others will pick up the slack or because others were doing it

Answer 22

diffusion of social responsibility

Question 23

when someone puts in less effort when they’re judged as part of a group

Answer 23

social loafing

Question 24

recognizing a potentially harmful situation or interaction and choosing to respond in a way that could positively influence the outcome

Answer 24

bystandard intervention

Question 25

level of atrocity increases with

Answer 25

mob size

Question 26

intentional behaviour that benefits another at potential cost to oneself

Answer 26

altruism

Question 27

process by which evolution selects for individuals who cooperate with their relatives

Answer 27

kin selection

Question 28

behaviour that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future

Answer 28

reciprocal altruism

Question 29

when selecting sexual partners, who tends to be choosier?

Answer 29

women

Question 30

attraction (feeling of preference) to another is caused by:

Answer 30

situational, physical, and psychological factors

Question 31

indicates that the tendency for liking increases with frequency of exposure

Answer 31

mere exposure effect

Question 32

true or false: most people ten to approach, date, and marry someone about as attractive as they are

Answer 32

true

Question 33

the tendency of people to like people who are similar to themselves

Answer 33

homophily

Question 34

most nonhuman animals have relationships that end:

Answer 34

about ten seconds after sex is over

Question 35

experience involving feelings of euphoria, intimacy, and intense sexual attraction

Answer 35

passionate love

Question 36

experience involving affection, trust, and concern for a partners well-being

Answer 36

companionate love

Question 37

how long do people remain in relationships?

Answer 37

only as long as they perceive a favourable ratio of costs to benefits

Question 38

cost-benefit ratio that people believe they deserve or could attain in another relationship

Answer 38

comparison level for alternatives

Question 39

state of affairs in which the cost-benefit ratios of the two partners are roughly equal

Answer 39

equity

Question 40

involves processes by which people come to understand others

Answer 40

social cognition

Question 41

what are the two types of inferences people make about others?

Answer 41

1) category-based inferences 2) target-based inferences

Question 42

process of drawing inferences about individuals based on their category membership

Answer 42

stereotyping

Question 43

what are the four main properties of stereotypes that lead to misuse?

Answer 43

- inaccuracy - overuse - self-perpetuation - unconsciousness/ automaticity

Question 44

conformation bias leads to:

Answer 44

illusory correlations

Question 45

categorization can influence how we see ________ and estimate _________

Answer 45

colours, distances

Question 46

your performance matches the stereotype you subscribe to

Answer 46

behavioural conformation/ self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 47

observers perceive what they expect to

Answer 47

perceptual conformation

Question 48

people see disconfirming evidence about their stereotypes and have to change their beliefs based on what they see

Answer 48

subtyping

Question 49

what test examines stereotyping unconsciosciousness and automaticity?

Answer 49

Implicit Association Test

Question 50

what is the most effective technique against stereotypes?

Answer 50

seeing people in a certain group defying their stereotype

Question 51

what is the least effective technique against stereotypes?

Answer 51

techniques encouraging people to be compassionate or take the persective of people within a certain group

Question 52

inference about the cause of a person's behaviour

Answer 52

attribution

Question 53

what are the two main types of attributions?

Answer 53

dispositional and situational

Question 54

what type of attribution is characterized by low consistency, high consensus, and high distinction?

Answer 54

situational attribution

Question 55

what type of attribution is characterized by high consistency, low consensus, and low distinctiveness?

Answer 55

dispositional attribution

Question 56

a generalization about a group which leads to stereotypes is known as a:

Answer 56

ultimate attribution error

Question 57

the tendency to make a dispositional attribution when we should instead make a situational attribution

Answer 57

fundamental attribution error

Question 58

true or false: fundamental attribution errors are stronger in some cultures and/or situations than in others

Answer 58

true

Question 59

the tendency to make situational attrubutions for our behaviours while making dispositional attributions for the identical behaviours of others

Answer 59

actor-observer effect

Question 60

the ability to change or direct another person's behaviour

Answer 60

social influence

Question 61

what are the three basic motivations for attempts at social influence?

Answer 61

- hedonic - approval - accuracy

Question 62

pleasure seeking is the most basic of all motives

Answer 62

hedonic motive

Question 63

when an expected external reward decreases the intrinsic motivation to do a task

Answer 63

overjustification effect

Question 64

an unpleasant motivational arousal that emerges when people experience a threat to, or loss of, their free behaviours

Answer 64

reactance

Question 65

acceptance by others is a powerful motive that we depend on for safety, sustencance and solidarity

Answer 65

approval motive - norms

Question 66

doing what is considered appropriate

Answer 66

norms

Question 67

people are expected to repay in kind what others have done for them

Answer 67

norm of reciprocity

Question 68

refers to a situation where an individual conforms to the norms of a group so they don't become outcast

Answer 68

normative influence

Question 69

getting someone to say no to an initial thing and then influence their behaviour

Answer 69

door-in-the-face technique

Question 70

other people can also influence us by defining new norms in ambiguous, confusing, or novel situations

Answer 70

approval motive - conformity

Question 71

doing what we see others do

Answer 71

conformity

Question 72

in many situations, a few people are recognized as having special authority both to define norms and enforce them

Answer 72

approval motive - obedience

Question 73

the tendency to do what powerful people tell us to do

Answer 73

obedience

Question 74

obedience is due to:

Answer 74

normative pressure

Question 75

attitudes tell us what we should do, and beliefs tell us how to do it

Answer 75

accuracy motive - attitudes and beleifs

Question 76

an enduring positive or negative evaluation of an object or event

Answer 76

attitude

Question 77

an enduring piece of knowledge about an object or event

Answer 77

belief

Question 78

occurs when another person's behaviour provides information about what is good or bad

Answer 78

informational influence

Question 79

when communication from another person influences a person's attitudes or beliefs

Answer 79

persuasion

Question 80

according to the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion, there are two types of persuasion:

Answer 80

central route persuasion and peripheral route persuasion

Question 81

uses facts and information to persuade people

Answer 81

central-route persuasion

Question 82

uses positive association with cues such as beauty, fame, and posistive emotions

Answer 82

peripheral-route persuasion

Question 83

central-route persuasion appeals to ___________ while peripheral-route persuasion appeals to ___________

Answer 83

logic and reason, habit and emotion

Question 84

tenchnique that involves a small request followed by a larger request

Answer 84

foot-in-the-door technique

Question 85

unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of their actions, attitudes, or beliefs

Answer 85

cognitive dissonance