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Psych 105 > Chapter 11 - Development > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Development Flashcards

1
Q

the study of continuity and change across a life span

A

developmental psychology

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2
Q

what are the three prenatal stages?

A
  • germinal stage
  • embryonic stage
  • fetal stage
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3
Q

the two week developmental period that begins at conception; the brief lifetime of a zygote

A

germinal stage

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4
Q

a fertilized egg that contains chromosomes from both a sperm and an egg

A

zygote

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5
Q

the developmental period that lasts from the 2nd week of pregnancy to the 8th week

A

embryonic stage

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6
Q

the developmental period that lasts from the 9th week of pregnancy until birth; site of rapid brain growth

A

fetal stage

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7
Q

formation of a fatty sheath around the axons of a neuron

A

myelination

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8
Q

when does fertilization typically occur?

A

1-2 days after intercourse

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9
Q

what is the main difference between an embryo and a zygote?

A

embryos are differentiated, zygotes are justs cells

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10
Q

why are humans born with such underdeveloped brains?

A
  • so that it can fit through the birth canal
  • humans have to adapt to new environments all the time, so their brains must be able to develop to meet these challenges
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11
Q

the organ that links the mother’s bloodstream to the unborn baby, which permits the exchange of materials

A

the placenta

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12
Q

agents, such as drugs and viruses, that pass from mother to child and impair the process of development

A

teratogens

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13
Q

what are three examples of teratogens?

A
  • alcohol
  • tobacco
  • intrauterine growth restriction
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14
Q

how long does infancy last?

A

between 18-24 months

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15
Q

do newborns have strong or poor distance vision?

A

poor

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16
Q

true or false: newborns habituate to visual stimuli

A

true

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17
Q

how long does it take for a newborn to be able to mimic facial expressions

A

about an hour

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18
Q

the emergence of the ability to execute physical action such as reaching, grasping, crawling, and walking

A

motor development

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19
Q

specific patterns of motor response that are triggered by specific patterns of sensory stimulation; innate

A

motor reflexes

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20
Q

the “top-to-bottom” rule that describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the head to the feet

A

cephalocaudal rule

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21
Q

the “inside-to-outside” rule describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the centre to the periphery

A

proximodistal rule

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22
Q

kids learn by:

A

failing!

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23
Q

what is cognitive development?

A

the emergence of the ability to think and understand

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24
Q

this scientist suggested four stages of cognitive development in which infants and children learn:
- how the physical world works
- how their minds represent it
- how other minds represent this

A

Jean Piaget

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25
what are Piaget's four stages of cognitive development?
1) sensorimotor 2) preoperational 3) concrete operational 4) formal-operational
26
infant experiences the world by sensing it and moving in it, develops schemas, begins to act intentionally, and shows evidence of understanding object permanance
sensorimotor stage (birth-2 years)
27
child acquires motor skills but does not understand conservation of physical properties. child begins this stage by thinking egocentrically but ends with a basic understanding of other minds
preoperational stage (2-6 years)
28
child can think logically about physical objects and events and understands conservation of physical properties
concrete operational stage (6-11 years)
29
child can think logically about abstract propositions and hypotheticals
formal operational stage (11+ years)
30
theories about or models of the way the world works. first developed in the sensorimotor stage
schemas
31
the process by which infants apply their schemas in novel situations
assimilation
32
the process by which infants revise theri schemas in light of new information
accommodation
33
the idea that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible
object permanence
34
the notion that the quantitative properties of an object do not vary despite changes in the objects appearance
conservation
35
the failure to understand that the world appears different to different observers; observed during preoperational stage
egocentrism
36
young children fail to realize that others don't see or know what they know
false-belief task
37
at what age do children start to understand different emotional reactions in others?
6 years old
38
what is the theory of the mind?
understanding that the mind produces representations of the world and that these representations guide behaviour
39
children with autism and deaf children whose parents do not use ASL have difficulty with:
theory of mind
40
language is important for this theory
theory of mind
41
what are the two main criticisms of Piaget's theory?
- modern psychologists see development as more fluid and continuous rather than step-like - children may acquire abilities earlier than proposed
42
as children develop, they begin to realize that their beliefs and perceptions may or may not:
be the same as others
43
this scientist believed children develop through interactions with members of their own culture
Lev Vygotsky
44
according to Vygotsky, the infant ability to learn from others depends on three fundamental skills:
1) joint attention 2) imitation 3) social referencing
45
the ability to focus on what another person is focused on
joint attention
46
the ability to do what another person does
imitation
47
the ability to use another person's reactions as information about how to think about the world
social referencing
48
who discovered the concept of imprinting in newly hatched goslings, and that the primary caregiver quickly becomes an infant's emotional centre?
Konred Lorenz
49
the emotional bond that fomrs between newborns and their primary caregivers
attachment
50
the emotional centre of an infant's world who provides emotional bond known as attachment
primary caregiver
51
what happens when an infant is derived the opportunity to form attachments?
there is a serious risk for a wide range of physical, mental, and emotional impairments
52
what are the four types of attachment styles?
secure, avoidant, ambivalent, and disorganized
53
attachment style where infant is not distressed when the caregiver leaves, and does not acknowledge their return
avoidant
54
attachment style where infant is distressed when the caregiver leaves, and is difficult to calm when they return
ambivalent
55
an attachment style with no consistent response patterns
disorganized
56
a behavioral test, developed by Mary Ainsworth, that is used to determine a child's attachment style
strange situation
57
true or false: cultural differences have no effect on attachment style
false
58
an attachment style where the infant is not distressed when the caregiver leaves, and acknowledges their return
secure
59
a biologically based pattern of attentional and emotional reactivity
temperament
60
as a result of interactions with their primary caregivers, infants develop beliefs about the way relationships work, this is known as an:
internal working model
61
true or false: securely attached children do better than insecurely attached children
true
62
do infants have internal working models?
yes
63
Piaget drew several conclusions by investigating children's moral thinking and behaviour. he found that children's moral thinking shifts from:
- realism to relativism - prescriptions to principles - outcomes to intentions
64
Lawrence Kohlberg developed a theory of three stages in moral development based on response to moral dilemmas. what are those stages?
- preconventional stage - conventional stage - postconventional stage
65
what are the three main criticisms to Kohlberg's moral development theory?
1) stages are not as discrete as proposed 2) biased towards Western culture and men 3) moral reasoning is only a part of moral development
66
parents who have high structure and are very cold are:
authoritarian
67
parents who have high structure and are very warm are:
authoritative
68
parents who are lenient and cold are:
neglectful
69
parents who are lenient and warm are:
permissive
70
according to Erik Erickson, how many major psychological stages are there?
8
71
a period of development that begins with the onset of sexual maturity and lasts until the beginning of adulthood
adolescence
72
bodily changes associated with sexual maturity
puberty
73
true or false: adolescents make better decisions when no one is around
true
74
true or false: puberty creates realistic expectations about life that adolescents can fulfill
false
75
do biology and genetics play a role in determining sexual orientation?
yes
76
what are the two noncontroversial conclusions in the science of sexual orientation?
1) sexual orientation has biological and genetic components (not a lifestyle choice) 2) human sexual orientation is much more complex and diverse than just "straight" or "gay"
77
what are some problems with having sex before the age of 15?
- lower self worth - higher rates of anxiety, depression, agression, and substance abuse - less likely to use condoms
78
what is the result of exposing teens to comprehensive sex education?
- delayed first-time sex - lowers likelihood of pregnancy and STIs
79
is abstinence a good way to prevent teens from having sex?
nope
80
which of Erik Erickson's stages of development do adolescents go through?
identity versus role confusion. they struggle for autonomy
81
adolescence marks a shift in emphasis from __________ to __________
family relations, peer relations
82
understanding sexuality involves understanding these three distinct but related concepts:
- sex - gender - sexual orientation
83
the stage of development that begins around 18 to 21 years and ends at death
adulthood
84
what are the three key types of changes that take place in adulthood?
physical, cognitive, and emotional
85
abilities and health peak in the early 20s and deteriorate between ________ years of age
26-30
86
physical changes to the brain structure can have _________ consequences
psychological
87
across various tasks, older adult brains show _______ activation, and young adult brains show ________ activation
bilateral, unilateral
88
older brains compensate for the declining abilities of one neural structure by:
calling on other neural structures for help
89
the theory that younger adults are oriented towards future-pertinent information, and that older adults focus on emotional staisfaction in the present
socioemotional selectivity theory
90

Psych 105 (9 decks)

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