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Psych 105 > Chapter 11 - Development > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Development Flashcards

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1
Q

the study of continuity and change across a life span

A

developmental psychology

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2
Q

what are the three prenatal stages?

A
  • germinal stage
  • embryonic stage
  • fetal stage
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3
Q

the two week developmental period that begins at conception; the brief lifetime of a zygote

A

germinal stage

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4
Q

a fertilized egg that contains chromosomes from both a sperm and an egg

A

zygote

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5
Q

the developmental period that lasts from the 2nd week of pregnancy to the 8th week

A

embryonic stage

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6
Q

the developmental period that lasts from the 9th week of pregnancy until birth; site of rapid brain growth

A

fetal stage

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7
Q

formation of a fatty sheath around the axons of a neuron

A

myelination

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8
Q

when does fertilization typically occur?

A

1-2 days after intercourse

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9
Q

what is the main difference between an embryo and a zygote?

A

embryos are differentiated, zygotes are justs cells

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10
Q

why are humans born with such underdeveloped brains?

A
  • so that it can fit through the birth canal
  • humans have to adapt to new environments all the time, so their brains must be able to develop to meet these challenges
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11
Q

the organ that links the mother’s bloodstream to the unborn baby, which permits the exchange of materials

A

the placenta

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12
Q

agents, such as drugs and viruses, that pass from mother to child and impair the process of development

A

teratogens

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13
Q

what are three examples of teratogens?

A
  • alcohol
  • tobacco
  • intrauterine growth restriction
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14
Q

how long does infancy last?

A

between 18-24 months

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15
Q

do newborns have strong or poor distance vision?

A

poor

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16
Q

true or false: newborns habituate to visual stimuli

A

true

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17
Q

how long does it take for a newborn to be able to mimic facial expressions

A

about an hour

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18
Q

the emergence of the ability to execute physical action such as reaching, grasping, crawling, and walking

A

motor development

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19
Q

specific patterns of motor response that are triggered by specific patterns of sensory stimulation; innate

A

motor reflexes

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20
Q

the “top-to-bottom” rule that describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the head to the feet

A

cephalocaudal rule

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21
Q

the “inside-to-outside” rule describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the centre to the periphery

A

proximodistal rule

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22
Q

kids learn by:

A

failing!

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23
Q

what is cognitive development?

A

the emergence of the ability to think and understand

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24
Q

this scientist suggested four stages of cognitive development in which infants and children learn:
- how the physical world works
- how their minds represent it
- how other minds represent this

A

Jean Piaget

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25
Q

what are Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development?

A

1) sensorimotor
2) preoperational
3) concrete operational
4) formal-operational

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26
Q

infant experiences the world by sensing it and moving in it, develops schemas, begins to act intentionally, and shows evidence of understanding object permanance

A

sensorimotor stage (birth-2 years)

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27
Q

child acquires motor skills but does not understand conservation of physical properties. child begins this stage by thinking egocentrically but ends with a basic understanding of other minds

A

preoperational stage (2-6 years)

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28
Q

child can think logically about physical objects and events and understands conservation of physical properties

A

concrete operational stage (6-11 years)

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29
Q

child can think logically about abstract propositions and hypotheticals

A

formal operational stage (11+ years)

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30
Q

theories about or models of the way the world works. first developed in the sensorimotor stage

A

schemas

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31
Q

the process by which infants apply their schemas in novel situations

A

assimilation

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32
Q

the process by which infants revise theri schemas in light of new information

A

accommodation

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33
Q

the idea that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible

A

object permanence

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34
Q

the notion that the quantitative properties of an object do not vary despite changes in the objects appearance

A

conservation

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35
Q

the failure to understand that the world appears different to different observers; observed during preoperational stage

A

egocentrism

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36
Q

young children fail to realize that others don’t see or know what they know

A

false-belief task

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37
Q

at what age do children start to understand different emotional reactions in others?

A

6 years old

38
Q

what is the theory of the mind?

A

understanding that the mind produces representations of the world and that these representations guide behaviour

39
Q

children with autism and deaf children whose parents do not use ASL have difficulty with:

A

theory of mind

40
Q

language is important for this theory

A

theory of mind

41
Q

what are the two main criticisms of Piaget’s theory?

A
  • modern psychologists see development as more fluid and continuous rather than step-like
  • children may acquire abilities earlier than proposed
42
Q

as children develop, they begin to realize that their beliefs and perceptions may or may not:

A

be the same as others

43
Q

this scientist believed children develop through interactions with members of their own culture

A

Lev Vygotsky

44
Q

according to Vygotsky, the infant ability to learn from others depends on three fundamental skills:

A

1) joint attention
2) imitation
3) social referencing

45
Q

the ability to focus on what another person is focused on

A

joint attention

46
Q

the ability to do what another person does

A

imitation

47
Q

the ability to use another person’s reactions as information about how to think about the world

A

social referencing

48
Q

who discovered the concept of imprinting in newly hatched goslings, and that the primary caregiver quickly becomes an infant’s emotional centre?

A

Konred Lorenz

49
Q

the emotional bond that fomrs between newborns and their primary caregivers

A

attachment

50
Q

the emotional centre of an infant’s world who provides emotional bond known as attachment

A

primary caregiver

51
Q

what happens when an infant is derived the opportunity to form attachments?

A

there is a serious risk for a wide range of physical, mental, and emotional impairments

52
Q

what are the four types of attachment styles?

A

secure, avoidant, ambivalent, and disorganized

53
Q

attachment style where infant is not distressed when the caregiver leaves, and does not acknowledge their return

A

avoidant

54
Q

attachment style where infant is distressed when the caregiver leaves, and is difficult to calm when they return

A

ambivalent

55
Q

an attachment style with no consistent response patterns

A

disorganized

56
Q

a behavioral test, developed by Mary Ainsworth, that is used to determine a child’s attachment style

A

strange situation

57
Q

true or false: cultural differences have no effect on attachment style

A

false

58
Q

an attachment style where the infant is not distressed when the caregiver leaves, and acknowledges their return

A

secure

59
Q

a biologically based pattern of attentional and emotional reactivity

A

temperament

60
Q

as a result of interactions with their primary caregivers, infants develop beliefs about the way relationships work, this is known as an:

A

internal working model

61
Q

true or false: securely attached children do better than insecurely attached children

A

true

62
Q

do infants have internal working models?

A

yes

63
Q

Piaget drew several conclusions by investigating children’s moral thinking and behaviour. he found that children’s moral thinking shifts from:

A
  • realism to relativism
  • prescriptions to principles
  • outcomes to intentions
64
Q

Lawrence Kohlberg developed a theory of three stages in moral development based on response to moral dilemmas. what are those stages?

A
  • preconventional stage
  • conventional stage
  • postconventional stage
65
Q

what are the three main criticisms to Kohlberg’s moral development theory?

A

1) stages are not as discrete as proposed
2) biased towards Western culture and men
3) moral reasoning is only a part of moral development

66
Q

parents who have high structure and are very cold are:

A

authoritarian

67
Q

parents who have high structure and are very warm are:

A

authoritative

68
Q

parents who are lenient and cold are:

A

neglectful

69
Q

parents who are lenient and warm are:

A

permissive

70
Q

according to Erik Erickson, how many major psychological stages are there?

A

8

71
Q

a period of development that begins with the onset of sexual maturity and lasts until the beginning of adulthood

A

adolescence

72
Q

bodily changes associated with sexual maturity

A

puberty

73
Q

true or false: adolescents make better decisions when no one is around

A

true

74
Q

true or false: puberty creates realistic expectations about life that adolescents can fulfill

A

false

75
Q

do biology and genetics play a role in determining sexual orientation?

A

yes

76
Q

what are the two noncontroversial conclusions in the science of sexual orientation?

A

1) sexual orientation has biological and genetic components (not a lifestyle choice)
2) human sexual orientation is much more complex and diverse than just “straight” or “gay”

77
Q

what are some problems with having sex before the age of 15?

A
  • lower self worth
  • higher rates of anxiety, depression, agression, and substance abuse
  • less likely to use condoms
78
Q

what is the result of exposing teens to comprehensive sex education?

A
  • delayed first-time sex
  • lowers likelihood of pregnancy and STIs
79
Q

is abstinence a good way to prevent teens from having sex?

A

nope

80
Q

which of Erik Erickson’s stages of development do adolescents go through?

A

identity versus role confusion. they struggle for autonomy

81
Q

adolescence marks a shift in emphasis from __________ to __________

A

family relations, peer relations

82
Q

understanding sexuality involves understanding these three distinct but related concepts:

A
  • sex
  • gender
  • sexual orientation
83
Q

the stage of development that begins around 18 to 21 years and ends at death

A

adulthood

84
Q

what are the three key types of changes that take place in adulthood?

A

physical, cognitive, and emotional

85
Q

abilities and health peak in the early 20s and deteriorate between ________ years of age

A

26-30

86
Q

physical changes to the brain structure can have _________ consequences

A

psychological

87
Q

across various tasks, older adult brains show _______ activation, and young adult brains show ________ activation

A

bilateral, unilateral

88
Q

older brains compensate for the declining abilities of one neural structure by:

A

calling on other neural structures for help

89
Q

the theory that younger adults are oriented towards future-pertinent information, and that older adults focus on emotional staisfaction in the present

A

socioemotional selectivity theory

90
Q
A

Psych 105 (9 decks)

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