Chapter 15 - Psychological Disorders

Question 1

a persistent disturbance or dysfunction in behaviour, thoughts, or emotions that cause significant distress or impairment

Answer 1

mental disorder

Question 2

abnormal psychological experiences are conceptualized as illnesses that, like physical illnesses have: biological and environmental causes, defined symptoms, and possible cures

Answer 2

medical model

Question 3

objectively observed indicators of a disorder

Answer 3

signs

Question 4

subjectively reported behaviours, thoughts, and emotions

Answer 4

symptoms

Question 5

what are the three D’s?

Answer 5

disorder, disease, and diagnosis

Question 6

what is the theory of physiognomy?

Answer 6

the idea that mental disorders can be diagnosed through facial features. this is now considered superstition

Question 7

co-occurence of two or more disorders in a single individual

Answer 7

comorbidity

Question 8

cultural context influences how mental disorders are:

Answer 8

experienced, described, assessed, and treated

Question 9

provides a framework for thinking about differences in cultural concepts of distress

Answer 9

the DSM-5

Question 10

an intense fear that one’s body parts or functions displease, embarrass, or are offensive to others

Answer 10

taijin kyofusho

Question 11

the biopsychological perspective states that mental disorders are the result of:

Answer 11

interactions among biological, psychological, and social factors

Question 12

a person may be predisposed to a mental disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress

Answer 12

the diathesis-stress model

Question 13

a new initiative to guide classification and understanding of mental disorders by revealing the basic processes that give rise to them

Answer 13

research domain criteria project

Question 14

psychiatric labels can have negative consequences because of their association with:

Answer 14

negative stereotypes and stigma

Question 15

a class of mental disorders in which anxiety is the predominant features

Answer 15

anxiety disorders

Question 16

disorders characterized by marked, persistent, and excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities, or situations

Answer 16

phobic disorders

Question 17

disorders characterized by the sudden occurrence of multiple psychological and physiological symptoms that contribute to a feeling of stark terror

Answer 17

panic disorder

Question 18

specific phobia involving the fear of public places or fear something terrible will happen

Answer 18

agoraphobia

Question 19

true or false: certain disorders can start as one type of disorder but can morph into another

Answer 19

true

Question 20

chronic excessive worry accompanied by three or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance

Answer 20

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

Question 21

a disorder characterized by repetitive, intrusive thoughts, ritualistic behaviours designed to fend off thoughts that interfere significantly with an individual’s functioning

Answer 21

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Question 22

a disorder characterized by chronic physiological arousal, recurrent, unwanted thoughts or images of past trauma, and avoidance of things that call traumatic events to mind

Answer 22

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Question 23

what brain regions are affected by PTSD?

Answer 23

heightened amygdala activity, decreased medial prefrontal cortex activity, and a smaller hippocampus

Question 24

mental disorders that have mood disturbances as their predominant feature

Answer 24

mood disorders

Question 25

what are the two main forms of mood disorders?

Answer 25

unipolar depression and bipolar depression

Question 26

a disorder characterized by a severely depressed mood that lasts two weeks or more; accompanied by feelings of worthlessness and a lack of pleasure, lethargy, and sleep/appetite disturbances

Answer 26

major depressive disorder (MDD)

Question 27

a disorder characterized by the same cognitive and bodily problems as in depression are present, but they are less severe and last longer, persisting for at least two years

Answer 27

persistent depressive disorder

Question 28

occurs when major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder co-occur

Answer 28

double depression

Question 29

involves recurrent depressive episodes in a seasonal pattern

Answer 29

seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

Question 30

depression may involve absolute or relative depletion of neurotransmitters such as:

Answer 30

norepinephrine and serotonin

Question 31

is depression heritable?

Answer 31

yes

Question 32

dysfunctional attitudes and negative mood states in individuals who were depressed

Answer 32

Aaron Beck

Question 33

an unstable emotional condition characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood and low mood

Answer 33

bipolar disorder

Question 34

which mental disorder has the highest rate of heritability

Answer 34

bipolar disorder

Question 35

a disorder characterized by profound disruption of basic psychological processes, distorted perception of reality, altered or blunted emotion, and disturbances in thought, motivation, and behaviour

Answer 35

schizophrenia

Question 36

what are the positive of schizophrenia?

Answer 36

hallucinations and delusions

Question 37

what are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

Answer 37

disorganized speech, grossly disorganized behaviour, catatonic behaviour, disordered motor behaviour, and blunted effect

Question 38

what are the characteristics of catatonic schizophrenia?

Answer 38

may assume an unusual posture and fail to move for hours

Question 39

true or false: concordance rates of schizophrenia increase with biological relatedness

Answer 39

true

Question 40

schizophrenia involves an excess of ________ activity

Answer 40

dopamine

Question 41

a disturbed family environment may affect the _________ and ________ of schizophrenia

Answer 41

development, recovery

Question 42

a condition beginning in early childhood in which a person shows persistent communication deficits as well as restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviours, interests, or activities

Answer 42

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

Question 43

a disorder characterized by a persistent pattern of severe problems with inattention and/or hyperactivity or impulsiveness that cause significant impairments in functioning

Answer 43

attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Question 44

a persistant pattern of deviant behaviour involving aggression towards people or animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, or serious rule violations

Answer 44

conduct disorder

Question 45

a disorder characterized by depply ingrained, inflexible patterns of thinking, feeling, or relating to others or controlling impulses that cause distress or impaired functioning

Answer 45

personality disorder

Question 46

a pervasive pattern or disrergard for and violation of the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood

Answer 46

antisocial personality disorder (APD)