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Psych 105 > Chapter 12 - Personality > Flashcards

Chapter 12 - Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

what is personality?

A

an individual’s characteristic style of behaving, thinking, and feeling

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2
Q

what are the four main approaches to understanding personality?

A

1) trait-biological
2) psychodynamic
3) humanistic-existential
4) social-cognitive

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3
Q

personality inventories rely on:

A

self-reporting

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4
Q

a series of answers to a questionnaire that asks people to indicate the extent to which sets of statements or adjectives accurately describe their behaviour or mental state

A

self-reporting

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5
Q

a standard series of ambiguous stimuli designed to elicit unique responses that reveal inner aspects of an individual’s personality

A

projective techniques

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6
Q

respondants reveal underlying motives, concerns, and the way they see the social world through the stories they make up about ambiguous pictures of people

A

thematic appreciation test (TAT)

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7
Q

uses trait terms to categorize differences among individuals

A

trait approach to personality

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8
Q

what are the two key challenges to the trait approach to personality?

A
  • narrowing the most infinite set of adjectives
  • discovering whether or not traits have biological or hereditary foundations
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9
Q

what is a trait?

A

a relatively stable disposition to behave in a particular and consistent way and reflects motives

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10
Q

traits can be classified using ________, which may be organized in a hierarchical pattern

A

adjectives

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11
Q

items sorted into small dimensions; researchers have argued about how many core factors exist

A

factor analysis

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12
Q

what are the big five dimensions of personality traits?

A
  • openness to experience
  • conscientiousness
  • extraversion
  • agreeableness
  • neuroticism
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13
Q

what are some phsyiological causes to personality changes?

A
  • brain damage
  • brain pathologies
  • pharmaceutical treatments
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14
Q

looks for correlations between monozygotic and dizygotic twins

A

behavioural genetics

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15
Q

associations between conservatism-liberalism and chromosomal regions are linked to:

A

mental flexibility

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16
Q

compared to men, women are more:

A
  • verbally aggressive
  • sensitive to nonverbal cues
  • nurturing
  • likely to engage in relational aggression
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17
Q

compared to women, men are more:

A
  • physically aggressive
  • assertive
  • likely to have slightly higher self-esteem
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18
Q

differences between men and women can be attributed to:

A

culture and sex hormones

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19
Q

the theory that personality characteristics result from different cultural standards and expectations between the genders

A

social role theory

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20
Q

who postulated the idea that extraversion is most relevant to neurophysiological mehcanisms

A

Hans Eysenck

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21
Q

who proposed the two brain systems (behavioural activation system and behavioural inhibition system) that are responsible for extraversion and neuroticism?

A

Jeffrey Gray

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22
Q

do animals have personalities?

A

yup

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23
Q

views personality as formed by needs, strivings, and desires largely operating outside of awareness - motives that can also produce emotional disorders

A

the psychodynamic approach to personality

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24
Q

who developed the psychodynamic approach?

A

Sigmund Freud

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25
Q

Freud proposed that the mind consists of these three independent systems that determine the personality’s structure:

A
  • Id
  • ego
  • superego
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26
Q

unconscious coping mechanisms that reduce anxiety generated by threats from unacceptable impulses

A

defense mechanisms

27
Q

what are the three main categories of defense mechanisms?

A
  • rationalization
  • reaction formation
  • projection
28
Q

distinct early life stages through which personality is formed as children experience sexual pleasures from specific body areas (erotogenic zones), and caregivers redirest or interfere with those pleasures

A

psychosexual stages

29
Q

the psychosexual stage in which experiences centres on the peasures and frustrations associated with the mouth, sucking, and being fed

A

oral

30
Q

the psychosexual stage in which experience is dominated by the pleasures and frustrations associated with the anus, retention and expulsion of feces and urine, and toilet training

A

anal

31
Q

the psychosexual stage in which experience is dominated by the pleasures and frustrations associated with the genital region, as well as coping with powerful incestuous feelings of love, hate, jealousy, and conflict

A

phallic

32
Q

the psychosexual stage in which the primary focus is on the further development of intellectual, creative, interpersonal, and athletic skills

A

latency

33
Q

the psychosexual stage which is the time for coming together of the mature adult personality with a capacity to love, work, and relate to others in a mutually satisfying and reciprocal manner

A

genital

34
Q

emphasize a positive, optimistic view of human nature; emphasize goodness and potential for growth

A

humanistic psychologists

35
Q

focus on individuals as responsible agents, free to create their life while negotiating the issue of meaning and the reality of death

A

existentialist psychologists

36
Q

decades of research have shown that growing up in a distressed neighbourhood is associated with:

A

worse educational, occupational, and health outcomes than growing up in healthier neighbourhoods

37
Q

the human motive towrds realizing our inner potantial

A

self-actualizing tendency

38
Q

recognizes self-actualization as a higher need after basic needs are met

A

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

39
Q

who found that engagement in tasks that match our abilities causes a state of focus called flow

A

Mihaly Csikszenthalyi

39
Q

the feeling between boredom and anxiety during a task as the:

A

flow experience

40
Q

regards personality as governed by an individual’s ongoing choices and decisions in the context of the realities of life and death

A

existential approach

41
Q

anxiety of full being

A

angst

42
Q

can occur as we face difficulties finding meaning in life and death and taking responsibility for making free choices

A

angst

43
Q

the approach which views personality in terms of how the person thinks about the situations encountered in daily life and behaves in response to them

A

social-cognitive approach

44
Q

how people perceive their environments will influence how they behave

A

person-situation controversy

45
Q

argued that personality traits do little to predict behaviour

A

Walter Mischel

46
Q

dimensions people used in making sense of their experience

A

social constructs

47
Q

who proposed the idea of personal contructs?

A

George Kelly

48
Q

a person’s assumptions about the likely consequences of a future behaviour

A

outcome expectancies

49
Q

a person’s tendency to percieve the control of rewards as internal to the self or external in the environment

A

locus of control

50
Q

who proposed the idea of locus of control?

A

Julian Rotter

51
Q

the ability to recognize ourselves in the mirror occurs by what age?

A

18 months old

52
Q

a person’s explicit knowledge of their own behaviours, traits, and other personal charactersitics

A

self-concept

53
Q

sets of traits we use to define ourselves

A

self-schemas

54
Q
  • each person finds certain unique personality traits, particularly important self-conceptualization
  • traits people use to judge the self tend to stick in memory
    these ideas were proposed by:
A

Hazel Markus

55
Q

true or false: self-narratives, traits, and behaviour don’t always match up

A

false

56
Q

the sense of self is primarily constructed through:

A

relationships with others

57
Q

the tendency to seek evidence that confirms the self-concept

A

self-verification

58
Q

the extent to which an individual likes, values, and accepts the self

A

self-esteem

59
Q

how is self-esteem measured?

A

questionnaires

60
Q

what are some sources of self-esteem?

A
  • value and significance from significant others
  • specific self-evaluations
  • standard of comparison
  • choices
61
Q

people are generally unaware of their preference for things similar to themselves

A

implicit egotism

62
Q

shows how people prefer letters that are the same as the letter starting their first name

A

name-letter effect

Psych 105 (9 decks)

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