Chapter 2 - Chemistry Of Life (vocab) Flashcards
center of an atom which contains the protons and neutrons; in cells, the structure that contains the cells DNA and controls the cells activities
nucleus
negatively charged particle; located outside the atomic nucleus
electron
substance consisting entirely of one type of atom
element
atom of an element that has a number of neutrons different from that of other atoms of the same element
isotope
substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions
compound
bond formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another
ionic bond
atom that has a positive or negative charge
ion
bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms
covalent bond
smallest unit of most compounds
molecule
a slight attraction that develops between the oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules
van der waals forces
attraction between molecules of the same substance
cohesion
attraction between molecules of different substances; in plants, attraction between unlike molecules
adhesion
material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together but not chemically combined
mixture
mixture of two or more substances in which the molecules of the same substances are evenly distributed
solution
substance that is dissolved in a solvent to make a solution
solute
substance is which a solute is dissolved to form a solution
solvent
mixture of water and non-dissolved materials
suspension
measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions in solutions; ranges from 0 to 14
pH scale
compound that forms hydrogen ions in a solution
acid
compound that produces hydroxide ions in a solution
base
weak acid or base that can react with strong acids or bases to help prevent sharp, sudden changes in ph
buffer
weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom
hydrogen bond
basic unit of matter
atom
Small chemical unit that makes up a polymer
Monomer
Molecule composed of many monomers; makes up macromolecules
Polymer
Compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen atoms; type of nutrient that is the major source of energy for the body
Carbohydrate
Simple sugar molecule
Monosaccharide
Macromolecule made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, & waxes
Lipid
Macromolecule containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, & phosphorus
Nucleic acid
Subunit of which nucleic acids are composed; made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, & a nitrogenous base
Nucleotide
Macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, & nitrogen; needed by the body for growth and repair
Protein
Compound with an amino group on one end and a carboxyl group on the other
Amino acid
Process that changes/transforms, one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals
Chemical reaction
Element or compound that enter into a chemical reaction
Reactant
Element or compound produced by a chemical reaction
Product
Energy that is needed to get a reaction started
Activation energy
Substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
Catalyst
Protein catalyst that speeds up the rate of specific biological reactions
Enzyme
Reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction
Substrate
