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NAPLEX > Chapter 2: Basic Science Concepts > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Basic Science Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

Substrate

A

A substance that creates a signal or produces an effect by binding to a receptor, enzyme, or transporter

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2
Q

Endogenous

A

A substance that is produced by the body

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3
Q

Exogenous

A

A substance that is produced outside the body (e.g. a drug)

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4
Q

Agonist

A

A substance that combines with a receptor to initiate a reaction. Can be endogenous or exogenous.

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5
Q

Antagonist

A

A substance that reduces or blocks a reaction. Can be endogenous or exogenous.

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6
Q

Induction

A

When a substance increases the activity of an enzyme

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7
Q

Inhibition

A

When a substance decreases or blocks the activity of an enzyme

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8
Q

Peripheral Nervous System parts

A

Somatic and autonomic

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9
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Controls voluntary muscle movement

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10
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Controls involuntary bodily functions (digestion, cardiac output, and blood pressure)

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11
Q

Neurotransmitters

A
  • Acetylcholine (Ach)
  • Epinephrine (Epi)
  • Norepinephrine (NE)
  • Dopamine (DA)
  • Serotonin (5-HT)
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12
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Mostly involved in the somatic nervous system. It’s released in response to neuron signals and binds to nicotinic receptors in skeletal muscles to affect muscle movement.

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13
Q

Autonomic Nervous System parts

A

Parasympathetic (rest and digest)

Sympathetic (flight or fight)

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14
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

“rest and digest”

Works by releasing Acetylcholine (Ach) which binds to muscarinic receptors located throughout the body (gut, bladder, eyes etc..) results in SLUDD (salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation and digestion)

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15
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

“fight or flight”

Works by releasing Epi and NE which act on adrenergic receptors (alpha-1, beta-1, and beta-2) in the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Activation results in increased BP, HR, and bronchodilation. Beta-2 receptors increase glucose production. Digestion and urination are minimized.

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16
Q

Location of muscarinic receptors

A

bladder and stomach

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17
Q

Location of Alpha-1 receptors

A

Smooth muscle including blood vessels

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18
Q

Beta-1 Receptor Location

A

Heart

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19
Q

Beta-2 Receptor Location

A

Lungs

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20
Q

What is an agonist

A

A substance that binds to and activates a response

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21
Q

What is an antagonist

A

Binds to a receptor but does not produce a subsequent reaction; the antagonist blocks the agonist from binding and inhibits the subsequent reaction

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22
Q

Competitive Inhibition

A

When an antagonist binds to the same active site of a receptor as the endogenous substrate preventing the activity

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23
Q

Non-competitive inhibition

A

The antagonist binds to the receptor at a site other than the active site which changes the shape of the active site and prevents the endogenous substrate from binding

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24
Q

Muscarinic Receptor

A
  • ACh
  • Agonist action increase in SLUDD; pilocarpine, bethanechol
  • Antagonist action decrease in SLUDD; atropine, oxybutynin
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25
Q

Nicotinic Receptor

A
  • ACH
  • Agonist action increases HR and BP; nicotine
  • Antagonist action are neuromuscular blockage; rocuronium
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26
Q

Alpha-1 Receptor (mainly peripheral)

endo substrate, agonist, antagonist

A
  • Epi and NE
  • Agonist action is smooth muscle vasoconstriction and increase in BP; phenylephrine, dopamine
  • Antagonist action is smooth muscle vasodilation and decrease in BP; doxazosin, carvedilol, phentolamine
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27
Q

Alpha-2 (mainly brain)

endo substrate, agonist, antagonist

A
  • Epi and NE
  • Agonist action is decreased release of Epi and NE, decreased BP and HR; clonidine, brimonidine
  • Antagonist action is increased BP and HR; ergot alkaloids, yohimbine
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28
Q

Beta-1 (mainly heart)

endo substrate, agonist, antagonist

A
  • Epi and NE
  • Agonist action is increase myocardial contractility, CO, and HR; dobutamine, isoproterenol, dopamine
  • Antagonist action is decreased CO and HR; metoprolol (b-1 selective), carvedilol, propranolol (non-b selective)
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29
Q

Beta-2 (mainly lungs)

endo substrate, agonist, antagonist

A
  • Epi
  • Agonist action is bronchodilation; albuterol, terbutaline, isoproterenol
  • Antagonist action is bronchoconstriction; non-selective bb (carvedilol, propranolol)
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30
Q

Dopamine

endo substrate, agonist, antagonist

A
  • Dopamine
  • Agonist action are many, includes renal, cardiac, and CNS effects; levodopa, pramipexole
  • Antagonist action are many, renal, cardiac, and CNS; 1st gen antipsychotics (haloperidol, metoclopramide)
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31
Q

Serotonin

endo substrate, agonist, antagonist

A
  • Serotonin
  • Agonist action many includes platelet, GI, and psychiatric effects; triptans
  • Antagonist action many includes platelet, GI, and psychiatric effects; ondansetron, 2nd gen antipsychotics (quetiapine)
32
Q

Acetylcholinesterases

endo effects, drugs, drug action

A
  • break down ACh
  • Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine
  • Blocks acetylcholinesterase resulting in increased Ach levels. Used to treat Alzheimer’s disease
33
Q

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)

endo effects, drugs, drug action

A
  • Converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2 (a potent vasoconstrictor)
  • ACE inhibitors: lisinopril, ramipril, enalapril
  • Inhibits prod of angiotensin 2 resulting in decreased vasoconstriction and aldosterone production. Used to treat HTN, HF, and kidney disease
34
Q

Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)

endo effects, drugs, drug action

A
  • Breaks down levodopa
  • COMT inhibitor: entacapone
  • Blocks COMT enzyme to prevent peripheral breakdown of levodopa, resulting in increased duration of action of levodopa. Used to treak Parkinson disease
35
Q

Cyclooxygenase (COX)

endo effects, drugs, drug action

A
  • Converts arachidonic acid to prostaglandins (cause inflammation) and thromboxane A2 (causes platelet aggregation)
  • NSAIDs (ibu, asa)
  • Block COX enzyme to decrease prostaglandins and thromboxane A2; used to treat pain/inflammation and decrease platelet activation/aggregation (asa)
36
Q 
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) 
(endo effects, drugs, drug action)
A
  • Breaks down catecholamines (DA, NE, Epi, 5-HT)
  • MAO inhibitors: phenelzine, tranylcypromine, isocarboxazid, selegiline, rasagiline, methylene blue, linezolid
  • Block MAO which increases catecholamine levels; used to treat depression
37
Q

Phosphodiesterase (PDE)

endo effects, drugs, drug action

A
  • Breaks down cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) a smooth muscle relaxant
  • PDE-5 inhibitors: sildenafil, tadalafil
  • Competitively binds to the same active site as cGMPon the PDE-5 enzyme, prevents breakdown of cGMP and prolonging the smooth muscle relaxation (e.g arteries of penis) used to treat erectile dysfunction
38
Q

Vitamin K epoxide reductase

endo effects, drugs, drug action

A
  • Converts vit k to the active form required for production of select clotting factors
  • Warfarin
  • Blocks vit k epoxide reductase enzyme which decreases production of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X; used to prevent and treat blood clots
39
Q 
Xanthine Oxidase
(endo effects, drugs, drug action)
A
  • Breaks down hypoxanthine and xanthine into uric acid
  • Allopurinol
  • Blocks xanthine oxidase enzyme which decreases uric acid production; use to prevent gout attacks
40
Q

Amide-type anesthetic

A

I before -caine

lidocaine, bupivicaine, ropivicaine

41
Q

Ester-type anesthetic

A

benzocaine, procaine

42
Q

Hydroxyl or alcohol

Neutral functional group

A
43
Q

Ketone

Neutral functional group

A
44
Q

Aldehyde

Neutral functional group

A
45
Q

Amide

Neutral functional group

A
46
Q

Nitrate

Neutral functional group

A
47
Q

Nitro

Neutral functional group

A
48
Q

Aromatic benzene ring

Neutral functional group

A
49
Q

Urea

Neutral functional group

A
50
Q

Carbonate

Neutral functional group

A
51
Q

Carbamate

Neutral functional group

A
52
Q

Ether

Neutral functional group

A
53
Q

Thioether

Neutral functional group

A
54
Q

Carboxyl

Acidic functional group

A
55
Q

Phenol

Acidic functional group

A
56
Q

Imide

Acidic functional group

A
57
Q

Sulfonamide

Acidic functional group

A
58
Q

Amine (primary)

Basic functional group

A
59
Q

Amine (tertiary)

Basic functional group

A
60
Q

Imine

Basic functional group

A
61
Q

Amidine

Basic functional group

A
62
Q

Amoxicillin

A

Bets-lactam, penicillin abx

Hypersensitivity: cross-reactive to other drugs with beta lactam ring (ceftriaxone and ertapenem)

63
Q

Ceftriaxone

A

Beta-lactam, cephalosporin abx
Contains beta-lactam ring fused to 6 sided ring
Hypersensitivity: drugs with beta-lactam ring (amox and ertapenem)

64
Q

Ertapenem

A

Beta-lactam, carbapenem abx
Contains beta-lactam ring fused to a 5 sided ring
Hypersensitivity: drugs with beta lactam ring

65
Q

Aztreonam

A

Monobactam abx
Contains beta-lactam ring not fused to another ring
Hypersensitivity: not cross reactive to beta-lactam abx

66
Q

Gentamicin

A

Aminoglycoside abx

Contains an amine group and sugar group

67
Q

Sulfamethoxazole

A

Sulfonamide abx
Contains sulfonamide group
Hypersensitivity: cross reactive to other drugs containing sulfonamide group (celecoxib)

68
Q

Aspirin

A

Salicylate nsaid

Contains acidic carboxyl group

69
Q

Ibuprofen

A

NSAID

Contains a carboxyl group

70
Q

Amphetamine

A

Stimulant

Contains a primary amine

71
Q

Levothyroxine

A 
Thyroid hormone (t4)
Contains 4 iodine molecules
72
Q

Amiodarone

A

Class III antiarrhythmic

Contains 2 iodine molecules

73
Q

Fenofibrate

A

Fibrate, high cholesterol

Contains ketone groups

74
Q

Amitriptyline

A

Tricyclic antidepressant

Contains 3 rings

75
Q

Chlorpromazine

A

Phenothiazine antipsychotic

Contains thioether group

NAPLEX (45 decks)

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