Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

NAPLEX > Chapter 2: Basic Science Concepts > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Basic Science Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

Substrate

A

A substance that creates a signal or produces an effect by binding to a receptor, enzyme, or transporter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Endogenous

A

A substance that is produced by the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Exogenous

A

A substance that is produced outside the body (e.g. a drug)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Agonist

A

A substance that combines with a receptor to initiate a reaction. Can be endogenous or exogenous.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Antagonist

A

A substance that reduces or blocks a reaction. Can be endogenous or exogenous.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Induction

A

When a substance increases the activity of an enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Inhibition

A

When a substance decreases or blocks the activity of an enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Peripheral Nervous System parts

A

Somatic and autonomic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Controls voluntary muscle movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Controls involuntary bodily functions (digestion, cardiac output, and blood pressure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Neurotransmitters

A
  • Acetylcholine (Ach)
  • Epinephrine (Epi)
  • Norepinephrine (NE)
  • Dopamine (DA)
  • Serotonin (5-HT)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Mostly involved in the somatic nervous system. It’s released in response to neuron signals and binds to nicotinic receptors in skeletal muscles to affect muscle movement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Autonomic Nervous System parts

A

Parasympathetic (rest and digest)

Sympathetic (flight or fight)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

“rest and digest”

Works by releasing Acetylcholine (Ach) which binds to muscarinic receptors located throughout the body (gut, bladder, eyes etc..) results in SLUDD (salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation and digestion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

“fight or flight”

Works by releasing Epi and NE which act on adrenergic receptors (alpha-1, beta-1, and beta-2) in the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Activation results in increased BP, HR, and bronchodilation. Beta-2 receptors increase glucose production. Digestion and urination are minimized.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Location of muscarinic receptors

A

bladder and stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Location of Alpha-1 receptors

A

Smooth muscle including blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Beta-1 Receptor Location

A

Heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Beta-2 Receptor Location

A

Lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is an agonist

A

A substance that binds to and activates a response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is an antagonist

A

Binds to a receptor but does not produce a subsequent reaction; the antagonist blocks the agonist from binding and inhibits the subsequent reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Competitive Inhibition

A

When an antagonist binds to the same active site of a receptor as the endogenous substrate preventing the activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Non-competitive inhibition

A

The antagonist binds to the receptor at a site other than the active site which changes the shape of the active site and prevents the endogenous substrate from binding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Muscarinic Receptor

A
  • ACh
  • Agonist action increase in SLUDD; pilocarpine, bethanechol
  • Antagonist action decrease in SLUDD; atropine, oxybutynin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Nicotinic Receptor
- ACH - Agonist action increases HR and BP; nicotine - Antagonist action are neuromuscular blockage; rocuronium
26
Alpha-1 Receptor (mainly peripheral) | endo substrate, agonist, antagonist
- Epi and NE - Agonist action is smooth muscle vasoconstriction and increase in BP; phenylephrine, dopamine - Antagonist action is smooth muscle vasodilation and decrease in BP; doxazosin, carvedilol, phentolamine
27
Alpha-2 (mainly brain) | endo substrate, agonist, antagonist
- Epi and NE - Agonist action is decreased release of Epi and NE, decreased BP and HR; clonidine, brimonidine - Antagonist action is increased BP and HR; ergot alkaloids, yohimbine
28
Beta-1 (mainly heart) | endo substrate, agonist, antagonist
- Epi and NE - Agonist action is increase myocardial contractility, CO, and HR; dobutamine, isoproterenol, dopamine - Antagonist action is decreased CO and HR; metoprolol (b-1 selective), carvedilol, propranolol (non-b selective)
29
Beta-2 (mainly lungs) | endo substrate, agonist, antagonist
- Epi - Agonist action is bronchodilation; albuterol, terbutaline, isoproterenol - Antagonist action is bronchoconstriction; non-selective bb (carvedilol, propranolol)
30
Dopamine | endo substrate, agonist, antagonist
- Dopamine - Agonist action are many, includes renal, cardiac, and CNS effects; levodopa, pramipexole - Antagonist action are many, renal, cardiac, and CNS; 1st gen antipsychotics (haloperidol, metoclopramide)
31
Serotonin | endo substrate, agonist, antagonist
- Serotonin - Agonist action many includes platelet, GI, and psychiatric effects; triptans - Antagonist action many includes platelet, GI, and psychiatric effects; ondansetron, 2nd gen antipsychotics (quetiapine)
32
Acetylcholinesterases | endo effects, drugs, drug action
- break down ACh - Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine - Blocks acetylcholinesterase resulting in increased Ach levels. Used to treat Alzheimer's disease
33
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) | endo effects, drugs, drug action
- Converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2 (a potent vasoconstrictor) - ACE inhibitors: lisinopril, ramipril, enalapril - Inhibits prod of angiotensin 2 resulting in decreased vasoconstriction and aldosterone production. Used to treat HTN, HF, and kidney disease
34
Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) | endo effects, drugs, drug action
- Breaks down levodopa - COMT inhibitor: entacapone - Blocks COMT enzyme to prevent peripheral breakdown of levodopa, resulting in increased duration of action of levodopa. Used to treak Parkinson disease
35
Cyclooxygenase (COX) | endo effects, drugs, drug action
- Converts arachidonic acid to prostaglandins (cause inflammation) and thromboxane A2 (causes platelet aggregation) - NSAIDs (ibu, asa) - Block COX enzyme to decrease prostaglandins and thromboxane A2; used to treat pain/inflammation and decrease platelet activation/aggregation (asa)
36
``` Monoamine oxidase (MAO) (endo effects, drugs, drug action) ```
- Breaks down catecholamines (DA, NE, Epi, 5-HT) - MAO inhibitors: phenelzine, tranylcypromine, isocarboxazid, selegiline, rasagiline, methylene blue, linezolid - Block MAO which increases catecholamine levels; used to treat depression
37
Phosphodiesterase (PDE) | endo effects, drugs, drug action
- Breaks down cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) a smooth muscle relaxant - PDE-5 inhibitors: sildenafil, tadalafil - Competitively binds to the same active site as cGMPon the PDE-5 enzyme, prevents breakdown of cGMP and prolonging the smooth muscle relaxation (e.g arteries of penis) used to treat erectile dysfunction
38
Vitamin K epoxide reductase | endo effects, drugs, drug action
- Converts vit k to the active form required for production of select clotting factors - Warfarin - Blocks vit k epoxide reductase enzyme which decreases production of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X; used to prevent and treat blood clots
39
``` Xanthine Oxidase (endo effects, drugs, drug action) ```
- Breaks down hypoxanthine and xanthine into uric acid - Allopurinol - Blocks xanthine oxidase enzyme which decreases uric acid production; use to prevent gout attacks
40
Amide-type anesthetic
I before -caine | lidocaine, bupivicaine, ropivicaine
41
Ester-type anesthetic
benzocaine, procaine
42
Hydroxyl or alcohol | Neutral functional group
43
Ketone | Neutral functional group
44
Aldehyde | Neutral functional group
45
Amide | Neutral functional group
46
Nitrate | Neutral functional group
47
Nitro | Neutral functional group
48
Aromatic benzene ring | Neutral functional group
49
Urea | Neutral functional group
50
Carbonate | Neutral functional group
51
Carbamate | Neutral functional group
52
Ether | Neutral functional group
53
Thioether | Neutral functional group
54
Carboxyl | Acidic functional group
55
Phenol | Acidic functional group
56
Imide | Acidic functional group
57
Sulfonamide | Acidic functional group
58
Amine (primary) | Basic functional group
59
Amine (tertiary) | Basic functional group
60
Imine | Basic functional group
61
Amidine | Basic functional group
62
Amoxicillin
Bets-lactam, penicillin abx | Hypersensitivity: cross-reactive to other drugs with beta lactam ring (ceftriaxone and ertapenem)
63
Ceftriaxone
Beta-lactam, cephalosporin abx Contains beta-lactam ring fused to 6 sided ring Hypersensitivity: drugs with beta-lactam ring (amox and ertapenem)
64
Ertapenem
Beta-lactam, carbapenem abx Contains beta-lactam ring fused to a 5 sided ring Hypersensitivity: drugs with beta lactam ring
65
Aztreonam
Monobactam abx Contains beta-lactam ring not fused to another ring Hypersensitivity: not cross reactive to beta-lactam abx
66
Gentamicin
Aminoglycoside abx | Contains an amine group and sugar group
67
Sulfamethoxazole
Sulfonamide abx Contains sulfonamide group Hypersensitivity: cross reactive to other drugs containing sulfonamide group (celecoxib)
68
Aspirin
Salicylate nsaid | Contains acidic carboxyl group
69
Ibuprofen
NSAID | Contains a carboxyl group
70
Amphetamine
Stimulant | Contains a primary amine
71
Levothyroxine
``` Thyroid hormone (t4) Contains 4 iodine molecules ```
72
Amiodarone
Class III antiarrhythmic | Contains 2 iodine molecules
73
Fenofibrate
Fibrate, high cholesterol | Contains ketone groups
74
Amitriptyline
Tricyclic antidepressant | Contains 3 rings
75
Chlorpromazine
Phenothiazine antipsychotic | Contains thioether group

NAPLEX (45 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions