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Pharm > Chapter 2- Autonomic nervous system drugs information > Flashcards

Chapter 2- Autonomic nervous system drugs information Flashcards

1
Q

cholinergic drugs do what?

A

promote the action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine

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2
Q

cholinergic drugs are also called ________ drugs because they produce effects that imitate parasympathetic nerve stimulation

A

parasympathomimetic drugs

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3
Q

What are the two types of cholinergic drugs?

A

cholinergic agonists & anticholinesterase drugs

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4
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) does what?

rest & digest

A
  • constricts pupils
  • constricts bronchioles, increases secretions
  • decreases HR
  • dilates Blood vessels
  • increases GI functions
  • contracts bladder
  • increases salvation
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5
Q

Types of drugs that are used to treat disorders of the autonomic nervous system include…(4)

A

cholinergic drugs
anticholinergic drugs
adrenergic drugs
adrenergic blocking drugs

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6
Q

These mimic the action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine

A

cholinergic agonists

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7
Q

Inhibit the destruction of acetylcholine at cholinergic receptor sites

A

anticholinesterase drugs

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8
Q

cholinergic agonists are administered…

A

topically (eye drops)
orally
SubQ injection (work more rapidly than oral doses)

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9
Q

Cholinergic agonists rarely are administered by IM or IV injection because…

A

they’re almost immediately broken down by cholinesterase in the interstitial spaces between tissues and inside blood vessels, can cause an overdose by rapid onset

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10
Q

Cholinergic agonists are absorbed rapidly and peak at 2 hours. They are metabolized by cholinesterase in…

A
  • at the muscarinic and nicotinic receptor sites
  • in the plasma
  • in the liver
  • then excreted by the kidneys
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11
Q

When combined with receptors on the cell membranes of target organs, cholinergic agonists stimulate the muscle and produce…

A

1) salvation
2) bradycardia (low HR)
3) dilation of blood vessels
4) constriction of the bronchioles
5) increased activity in GI
6) increased contraction of bladder
7) constriction of pupils

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12
Q

Cholinergic agonists are used to..

A

1) treat atonic (weak) bladders
2) treat GI disorders
3) reduce eye pressure in glaucoma patients
4) treat salivary gland hypofunction caused by radiation therapy or Sjogren’s syndrome

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13
Q

Drug interactions with anticholinesterase drugs will..

A

boost the effects of cholinergic agonists and increase the risk of toxicity

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14
Q

Drug interactions with anticholinergic drugs (atropine, scopolamine) will..

A

reduce the effects of cholinergic drugs

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15
Q

This drug reduces the effectiveness of cholinergic agonists

A

Quinidine

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16
Q

These drugs block the action of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase at cholinergic receptor sites, preventing the breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

A

Anticholinesterase drugs

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17
Q

Many of the anticholinesterase drugs are readily absorbed from…

A

the GI tract, subcutaneous tissue and mucous membranes

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18
Q

An anticholinesterase drug should be given _____ or ____ when a rapid effect is needed

A

IM or IV

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19
Q

Most anticholinesterase drugs are metabolized in the body by…

A

enzymes in the plasma and excreted in the urine

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20
Q

These drugs interrupt parasympathetic nerve impulses in the CNS and also prevent acetylcholine from stimulating cholinergic receptors

A

Anticholinergic drugs (cholinergic blockers)

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21
Q

Anticholinergic drugs only block ___ receptor sites

A

muscarinic

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22
Q

Atropine, homatropine, ipratropium, scopolamine are examples of..

A

belladonna alkaloids

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23
Q

benztropine, dicyclomine, trihexyphenidyl are examples of…

A

tertiary amines of synthetic drugs that are direct acting and more selective

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24
Q

All anticholinergic drugs are used to treat what?

A

to treat spastic & hyperactive conditions of the GI and urinary tracts because they relax muscles and decrease GI secretions

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25
Q

By blocking acetylcholine, Atropine ___ __ the heart

A

speeds up

26
Q

Adrenergic drugs are called sympathomimetic drugs because they do what?

A

produce effects similar to those produced by the sympathetic nervous system

27
Q

Adrenergic drugs are classified into what two groups?

A

Catecholamines & Noncatecholamines

28
Q

Direct-acting is?

A

when the drugs acts directly on the organ or tissue supplied with nerves or nerve impulses

29
Q

Indirect-acting is?

A

when the drug triggers the release of a neurotransmitter, usually norepinephrine

30
Q

Dual-acting is?

A

drug has direct and indirect actions

31
Q

Catecholamines cannot be taken orally because..

A

they’re destroyed by the digestive enzymes, sublingually is preferred because it is rapidly absorbed through the mucous membranes

32
Q

Direct-acting Cholinergic Agonists include:

Ex: Bethanechol-Urecholine, Pilocarpine-Pilocar, Metoclompramide-Reglan

A

Direct-acting cholinergic agonists act longer than ACh because they are more resistant to the enzyme acetylcholinesterase

33
Q

Indirect-acting cholinergic Agonists do what? (also known as Anticholinesterases)
Ex: Neostigmine- PROSTIGMIN
Pyridostigmine- MESTINON
DONEPEZIL

A

inactivate acetylcholinesterase, producing cholinergic activity at all cholinergic receptors (muscarinic & nicotinic)

34
Q

Muscarinic acts on

A

smooth muscle

35
Q

Nicotinic acts on

A

skeletal muscle

36
Q

Anticholinesterase (Cholinergics) are divided into what two categories?

A

Reversible & Irreversible

37
Q

Reversible Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors include?

A

Neostigmine-Prostigmin, Donepezil-Aricept

38
Q

An example of an irreversible acetycholinesterase inhibitor would be?

A

Pralidoxime-Protopam

will regenerate enzyme (cholinergic crisis)

39
Q

Cholinergic atagonists (Anticholinergics) inhibit the effects of ACh by occupying the acetycholine receptors at ____ receptor sites
Ex: Atropine-Atropen, Scopolamine
also called antispasmodics

A

muscarinic

40
Q

Anti-cholinergics are used for what?

A

Bradycardia, heart block, diarrhea and peptic ulcer disease

41
Q

Catecholamines do what?

A

Stimulate nervous system, constrict blood vessels, increase HR, and dilate the bronchi

42
Q

Epinephrine stimulates ___ and ___ adrenergic receptors

A

alpha and beta

43
Q

Catecholamines that stimulate alpha-adrenergic receptors are used to treat what?

A

Hypotension (low BP)

44
Q

Catecholamines that stimulate beta 1-adrenergic receptors are used to treat what?

A

Bradycardia, heart block, low cardiac output

45
Q

Catecholamines that exert beta 2- adrenergic activity are used to treat what?

A

acute/chronic asthma, emphysema, acute allergic reactions to drugs

46
Q

Noncatecholamines are used primarily for what?

A

Dilation of the bronchioles

47
Q

Adrenergic blocking drugs do what? (alpha/beta blockers)

A
  • interrupt action of adrenergic drugs
  • reduce available norepinephrine
  • prevent action of cholinergic drugs
48
Q

Alpha blockers work by interrupting the actions of catecholamines epinephrine & norepinephrine at alpha receptor sites resulting in…

A
  • relaxation of smooth muscle in blood vessels
  • increased dilation of blood vessels
  • decrease BP
49
Q

Beta 1 receptors are located where?

Beta 2 are where?

A

B1- mainly in heart (reduce stimulation)

B2- mainly in bronchi, blood vessels & uterus (cause bronchioles of the lungs to constrict)

50
Q

Propanolol is a what?

A

Non-selective beta-blocker

51
Q

Metoprolol is what?

A

Selective beta-blocker

52
Q

Beta1 blockers typically do what?

A

Reduce stimulation of the heart

53
Q

Why are beta blockers prescribed?

A
  • after a heart attack to prevent another
  • angina (chest pain)
  • hypertension
  • supraventricular arrhythmias
54
Q

This cholinergic drug increases gastric emptyting

A

Metoclompramide- REGLAN

55
Q

This cholinergic drug constricts pupils (topical drop)

A

Pilocarpine, PILOCAR

56
Q

This cholinergic drug increases urination (mostly in men)

A

Bethanechol chloride- URECHOLINE

57
Q

Anticholinesterase drugs are used to treat what?

A

myasthenia gravis, Glaucoma, Alzheimer’s

58
Q

Some Parkinsonism medications include Benztropine- CONGENTIN and Trihexylphenidyl HCl- ARTANE that help with what?

A

decrease involuntary movement, tremors and muscle rigidity

59
Q

The sympathetic nervous system does what?

fight or flight

A
  • dilates pupils
  • constricts blood vessels
  • increases heart rate
  • dilates bronchi
  • relaxes bladder, GI and uterus
60
Q

Which drugs are used to treat bradycardia and lower BP?

A

I soproterenol
D opamine
E pinephrine
A tropine

Pharm (9 decks)

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