Chapter 2 Flashcards
NFPA ___ : Building Construction and Safety Code
5000
An external force that acts on a structure is called a ___.
Load
The internal forces that resist the load are called ___ and ___.
Stress and Strain
___ is the force per unit area that produces a deformation.
Stress
___ is the actual percentage of elongation (deformation) that occurs when a material is stressed. It is measured in fractions per inch of original length the material.
Strain
___ is a term meaning 1,000 pounds.
KIP
___ is the weight of the building itself and any equipment permanently attached to it or built in. A more accurate term is ___.
Dead Load
Self-weight
___ are any loads other than dead loads.
Live loads
Washington, D.C., Knickerbocker theatre in 1922; its roof caved in after a ___ snowfall.
28”
Water weighs ___ a gallon, so a 1,000 gpm master stream can add over ___ tons of water in just 1 minute.
8.34 pounds
4 tons
___ is a particular hazard in the construction of concrete frame buildings.
Progressive collapse
The term ___ refers to a force causing rotation of a structural member around a fixed point of connection, where the force is applied some distance from the fixed point.
Moment
Heat release rate, HRR, can also be expressed as ___, indicates the rate of available energy released.
Q’
The basic measurement of caloric value is the ___.
BTU… British thermal unit
Wood, paper, and similar materials have an estimated caloric values of ___.
8,000 btu/lb
Plastics and combustable liquids have an estimated caloric value of ___.
16,000 btu/lb
HRR or Q’ is usually expressed in terms of ___, ___, or ___.
watts (W), kilowatts (KW), or megawatts (MW)
For example, a typical polyurethane sofa fire has a peak HRR of approximately ___.
3,120 KW
The ___ represents the ratio of strength of the material just before failure to the safe working stress.
Safety factor
The ___ is only a fraction of the tested strength of the material.
Design load
Steel, which is made under controlled conditions, has a safety factor of ___.
2
Masonry constructed in place might have a safety factor of ___.
10
All elements of a ___ must react together if there is to be no failure.
Composite material
The ___ is probably the oldest structural member.
Beam
The definition of a beam does not consider its ___, that is, its vertical or horizontal orientation.
Attitutde
When a beam is loaded, it deflect or bends ___.
Downward
A 1x4 inch beam spanning 6 feet can carry ___ pounds.
533
A 1x8 inch beam spanning 6 feet can carry ___ pounds.
2,133
A 1x16 inch beam spanning 6 feet can carry ___ pounds.
8,533
The almost universal spacing for sawn wooden beams in ordinary construction is ___ inches.
16
The Alfred P. Murrah federal office building in OKC was destroyed in a terrorist attack in ___.
1995
The ___ of a beam can simply be described as that load that will bend or break the beam.
Bending moment
Length of a gusset plates teeth.
0.375 inches
Any structural member that is ___ is governed by the laws of columns, despite its attitude.
Compressively loaded
A ___ is the floor area between any two bents.
Bay
A ___ is a line of columns in any direction.
Bent
Very long, thin columns are known as ___ columns.
Euler’s Law
Veneer walls, panel walls, and partitions walls are examples of ___ walls.
Non-load-bearing
The terms panel walls and curtain walls are often used interchangeably to describe non load bearing walls of framed building. Technically, panel walls are ___ in height and curtain walls are ___.
One story… more than one story
A ___ is a wall typically found in the top floor of a wood frame home with a peaked roof. It is ___ foot high wall and “squares off” the triangular area at the edge of the room where the sloping roof meets the floor.
Knee wall
2-3 foot
Rain penetrating the outer wythe of cavity or hollow walls, drains down the cavity to ___ at the bottom.
Weep holes
The ___ combines the function of the beam and column.
Arch
The arch is under ___ along its entire length.
Compression
The ___ is the last stone set in place in an arch, but once in place, it is no more important that the other stones (voussoirs).
Keystone
Arches can have one, two, or three ___, that is, points at which the arch changes direction.
Hinges
Wide areas can be spanned with extraordinarily thin shells… shells can be less than ___ thick.
2 inches
The ___ is a shell. It can also be considered a three dimensional arch.
Dome
All loads are delivered to the ground through the ___.
Foundation
___ was used exclusively in masonry work until about 1880.
Sand-lime mortar
Steel heated to 1,000°F elongates ___ per 100’ of length.
9 1/2”
Unprotected steel rods or cables(which fail at ___) are often used to tie failing building together or to provide additional resistance to earthquake movement.
800°F
A residential structure will usually be designed for a floor load of about ___ psf.
30-40
Modern fire boats can supply well over ___ gpm with some monitors throwing ___ to ___ gpm per turret.
20,000
5,000 to 7,000
The proper way to breach a masonry wall is to open a ___.
Triangular hole
