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Health > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are three essential components of physical fitness?

A

Cardiorespiratory endurance, musculoskeletal health, body composition

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2
Q

What is the ability of the heart, lungs, and blood vessels to distribute nutrients and oxygen to and remove wastes from the body’s tissues during extended activity?

A

Cardiorespiratory endurance

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3
Q

What is the study of the heart and the body’s network of blood vessels and their functions?

A

Cardiology

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4
Q

What carries the blood away from the heart?

A

Arteries

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5
Q

What returns the blood to the heart?

A

veins

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6
Q

What connect the arteries and the veins and provide for the exchange of nutrients and waste materials in every cell of the body?

A

Capillaries

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7
Q

What is a doctor that treats diseases and disorders of the cardiovascular system?

A

Cardiologist

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8
Q

What are the two thin-walled upper chambers of the heart called?

A

Atria

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9
Q

What are the two thick-walled lower chambers of the heart?

A

Ventricles

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10
Q

What is a thick vertical wall that divides the left chambers from the right chambers of the heart?

A

Septum

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11
Q

What is the body’s largest veins that return deoxygenated blood to the heart?

A

venae cavae

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12
Q

What separates each atrium and ventricle that allows blood to flow from the atria into the ventricles?

A

A valve

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13
Q

What allows the blood to travel to the lungs, where an exchange of gasses takes place as the blood receives oxygen and gives up carbon dioxide?

A

Pulmonary arteries

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14
Q

What are the four veins that the oxygenated blood returns to the heart by from the lungs?

A

Pulmonary veins

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15
Q

What is the body’s largest artery?

A

Aorta

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16
Q

What is the flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart called?

A

Pulmonary circulation

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17
Q

What is the movement of blood through all parts of the body except the lungs called?

A

Systemic circulation

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18
Q

What refers to the lungs?

A

Pulmonary

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19
Q

What is the amount of force that blood exerts upon the walls of the blood vessels?

A

Blood pressure

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20
Q

What type of blood pressure occurs during the contraction of the ventricles?

A

Systolic pressure

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21
Q

What type of blood pressure occurs during the relaxation of the ventricles?

A

Diastolic pressure

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22
Q

What is the rhythmic change of pressure that causes the arteries’ walls to bulge outward and then return to the normal?

A

Pulse

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23
Q

What is one of the easiest places to fuel your pulse; the arteries located on your wrists?

A

Radial arteries

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24
Q

What is one of the easiest places to feel your pulse; the arteries located on your neck?

A

Ceratoid arteries

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25
Q

What is the volume of blood ejected from the ventricles with each contraction?

A

Stroke volume

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26
Q

What is the circulation of blood in a nutshell?

A

the blood travels from the heart to the arteries to the arterioles to the capillaries to the cells to the venules to the veins and back to the heart

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27
Q

What is the study of the respiratory system - its structure, functions, disorders, and diseases?

A

pneumology

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28
Q

What are the primary organs associated with the task of delivering oxygen to and removing excess carbon dioxide from body tissues?

A

lungs

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29
Q

How does air enter the body?

A

through the nasal or oral cavity and passes into the pharynx

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30
Q

What is the opening of the trachea?

A

glottis

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31
Q

What is the voice box?

A

larynx

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32
Q

What is the windpipe?

A

trachea

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33
Q

What opens the trachea when you breathe, but closes when you swallow?

A

epiglottis

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34
Q

What are two folds of elastic tissue used to produce sound for speech?

A

vocal cords

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35
Q

What are the two branches that the trachea divide into when it enters the thoracic cavity?

A

bronchi

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36
Q

What does the bronchi continue to branch into?

A

bronchioles

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37
Q

What are microscopic air sacs that make up the tissue of the lungs and are located at the ends of the bronchioles?

A

alveoli

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38
Q

What is a moveable floor of muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?

A

diaphragm

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39
Q

What is the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after filling the lungs to their maximum extent?

A

vital capacity

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40
Q

What is the throat?

A

pharynx

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41
Q

When your heart works harder and becomes stronger through regular exercise, you increase your stamina and what?

A

stroke volume

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42
Q

What is the amount of force a muscle or group of muscles can exert?

A

muscular strength

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43
Q

What is the ability of a muscle to hold a contraction or contract repeatedly over a period of time without becoming fatigued?

A

muscular endurance

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44
Q

What is the ability of a muscle to extend easily through its full range of motion?

A

flexibility

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45
Q

What is the study of the skeletal system and its disorders and diseases?

A

osteology

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46
Q

What are strong bands of fibrous connected tissue?

A

ligaments

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47
Q

What are the bones of the axial skeleton?

A

skull, vertebral column, hyoid bone, ribs, and the sternum

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48
Q

What are the bones of the appendicular skeleton?

A

the pectoral girdle with the upper appendages and the pelvic girdle with the lower appendages

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49
Q

What is the shoulder blade called?

A

scapula

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50
Q

What is the collarbone called?

A

clavicle

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51
Q

What is the upper arm called?

A

humerus

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52
Q

What are the two parts of the lower arm?

A

radius and ulna

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53
Q

Which of the two lower arm bones are in line with the thumb?

A

radius

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54
Q

Which of the two lower arm bones are in line with the pinkie finger?

A

ulna

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55
Q

What are the wrist bones?

A

carpals

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56
Q

What isa rigid ring of the thigh bone that supports most of the body’s weight?

A

pelvic gridle

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57
Q

What is the thigh bone?

A

femur

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58
Q

What is the largest bone in the body?

A

femur

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59
Q

What is the shin?

A

tibia

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60
Q

What is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg?

A

tibia

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61
Q

What are the ankle bones?

A

tarsals

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62
Q

What is the longest segment of the vertebral column?

A

thoracic vertebrae

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63
Q

What is the neck vertebrae?

A

cervical vertebrae

64
Q

What is the largest of all the vertebrae?

A

lumbar vertebrae

65
Q

What forms the lower back and supports the weigh of the enitre upper body?

A

lumbar vertebrae

66
Q

What is the tailbone?

A

coccyx

67
Q

What type of bones have greater lenght thatn width, suppport the weight of the body, and work with the muscles to provide movement?

A

long bones

68
Q

Wha type of bones are usually equal in lenght and width?

A

short bones

69
Q

What type of bones protect vital organs?

A

flat bones

69
Q

What type of bones cannot be classifed into one of the other categories?

A

irrgeular bones

70
Q

What type of freely moveable joint allows a bone to move up and down in one place?

A

hinge joint

70
Q

What type of joint allows only slight movements in which one bone slides along the surface of another?

A

gliding joints

70
Q

What type of joints are most joints in the body?

A

freely moveable joints

71
Q

What type of freely moveable joints allows the widest renge of motion?

A

ball-and-socket joitn

71
Q

What type of freely moveable joint allows only rotating motion?

A

pivot joint

71
Q

What type of freely moveable joint permits motion in two planes, up-and-down and left-to-right?

A

saddle joints

72
Q

What type of freely moveable joitns also permit motion in two planes?

A

ellipsoid joints

73
Q

What is the tough and slippery substance that is found at the ends of the boens and allows them to glide smoothly over each other?

A

cartilage

74
Q

What is the protective sheath which encloses a bone called?

A

periosteum

75
Q

What is the study of the structure, functions, disorders, and diseases of the muscular system?

A

myology

76
Q

What is the study of the anatomy in relation to movement, especially the mechanics of human motion?

A

kinesiology

77
Q

What are the muscles that primarily move the parts of the skeleton ?

A

skeletal muscles

78
Q

What are muscles that are under concious control?

A

voluntary muscles

79
Q

What is type of muscle is only found in the heart and is designed to contract repeatedly?

A

cardiac muscle

80
Q

What are muscles that are not under completely conscious control?

A

involuntary muscles

81
Q

What are muscles that are found in the walls of internal organs and blood vessels?

A

smooth muscles

82
Q

What compose each skeletal muscle?

A

muscle fibers

83
Q

What type of fibers are used for short bursts of maximum strength and are characterized by the color red?

A

fast-twitch fibers

84
Q

What type of fibers are used for maintaining proper posture and low-intensity movements; they are also characterized by the color white?

A

slow-twitch fibrers

85
Q

What is the slight tension in a relaxed muscle in which a small percentage of muscle fibers are contracted at any given moment even though the muscle is at rest?

A

muscle tone

86
Q

What type of muscles decrease the angle between the bones of a joint?

A

flexors

87
Q

What type of muscles increase the angle between the bones of a joint?

A

extensions

88
Q

What is a tough cord that is located at the end of two muscles?

A

tendon

89
Q

What is the end point of a muscle that is where the muscle is anchored to a relatively immovable part of the body?

A

origin

90
Q

What is the point at the other end of a muscle that is where it is attached to a moveable part of the body?

A

insertium

91
Q

What is are the muscles that connect the temporal bones of the skull with the sternum and clavicles?

A

sternocleidomastoid

92
Q

What are the muscles that also allow you to shrug or pull your shoulders back and tilt your head back so that you can look up?

A

trapezius

93
Q

What are the muscles that connect the mandible to the cranium and allow you to close your jaw?

A

temporalis and masseter

94
Q

What are the muscles that connect the humerus of each arm to the lumbar region of the spine?

A

latissimus dorsi

95
Q

What are the muscles that extend from the sternum toward the outside of the chest, where they connect to each humerus; are used when you do push-ups or push something away from you?

A

pectoralis major

96
Q

What are the muscles that form the curves of your shoulder and allow you to raise you arms out to the side?

A

deltoid muscles

97
Q

What are the muscles that allow you to bend your arms at the elbow?

A

biceps brachii

98
Q

What are the muscles that allow you to extend or straighten your arms?

A

triceps brachii

99
Q

What are the largest and strongest muscles in the whole body that pull legs downward and backward and are used whenever you stand up, walk, run, or jump?

A

gluteus maximus

100
Q

What is a group of three muscles in the back of each thigh which work together to bend the leg at the knee?

A

hamstrings

101
Q

What are the muscles that are located at the front of each thigh and straighten the leg, as when you kick a ball or rise from a squatting position?

A

quadriceps femoris

102
Q

What are the inner muscles of the thigh that draw the leg inward toward the body?

A

adductors

103
Q

What are the muscles of the hip that pull the leg sideways and away from the body?

A

abductors

104
Q

What is the muscle that extends diagonally downward from the front of the pelvic bone, passes through the thigh and connects to the tibia, lifts the lower leg and turns the leg inward?

A

sartorious

105
Q

What is the largest muscle of the calf which extends the foot downward by pulling on the Achilles’ tendon?

A

gastrocnemius

106
Q

What are the muscles that work opposite the gastrocnemius, pulling the foot upward?

A

tibialis anterior

107
Q

What is nonstop vigorous exercises that improves the condition of the heart and lungs?

A

aerobic exercise

108
Q

How often should one do aerobic exercise?

A

3 times a week

109
Q

What are intense activities that last only short periods of time?

A

anaerobic exercise

110
Q

Why can’t anaerobic exercise be sustained over long periods of time?

A

because the body’s demand for oxygen is greater than the supply

111
Q

What type of anaerobic exercise involves little or no outward movement of body parts?

A

isometric exercise

111
Q

What type of anaerobic exercise involves exerting more or less constant force against an immovable force?

A

isotonic exercise

111
Q

What refers to the amount of fat in relation to a person’s total body weight?

A

percent body fat

112
Q

What type of anaerobic exercise involves exerting as much force as possible against a resistance that moves at a more or less constant speed?

A

isokinetic exercise

113
Q

What should the duration of an aerobic exercise be?

A

20 to 30 minutes

114
Q

Name three benefits of warming up before a workout.

A

increased range of motion, enhanced coordination, and improved performance

114
Q

What is the range between 70% and 85% of a person’s maximum heart rate that is considered an ideal range for aerobic exercise?

A

training heart rate

115
Q

What is the enlargement of muscles through use?

A

hypertrophy

115
Q

What is the wasting away or degeneration of muscles caused by lack of use?

A

atrophy

115
Q

What refers to water?

A

hydrate

115
Q

What is special energy generated by muscles for short bursts of strenuous exercise?

A

phosphate compounds

115
Q

What type of energy that is released after breaking down glucose?

A

lactic acid

116
Q

What are two nutritional factors that are needed by an athlete more than an average person?

A

energy and water

117
Q

What is the internal environment that the cells need to survive?

A

homeostasis

118
Q

What is the primary organ of the integumentary system that is the largest organ in the body?

A

skin

119
Q

What is the study of the skin including its structure, functions, disorders, and diseases?

A

dermatology

120
Q

Who is a doctor that treats skin diseases and disorders?

A

dermatologist

121
Q

What is a fatty layer of loose connective tissue that attaches the skin to muscle and bone?

A

hypodermis

122
Q

What is the most complex layer of the skin?

A

dermis

123
Q

What are small sacs of epidermal cells in the dermis that hair roots grow out of?

A

hair follicles

124
Q

What are connected to hair follicles that produce an oily secretion?

A

sebaceous glands

125
Q

What is an oily secretion produced by the sebaceous glands that moisturizes the skin and helps keep it soft and flexible?

A

sebum

126
Q

What are the glands whose primary function is the help regulate body temperature?

A

sweat glands

127
Q

What are nerve endings in the dermis that serve as a means of communication between your body and the outside world?

A

sensory receptors

128
Q

What is the skin’s outer layer that contains no blood vessels and very few pain receptors?

A

epidermis

129
Q

What are disease causing organisms?

A

pathogens

130
Q

What are some tipes for better skin care?

A

use warm, not hot, water when you shower or bathe; never soak in hot baths or saunas for long periods of time; always shower or bathe after vigorous exercise; etc.

131
Q

What are some tips of better hair care?

A

let your hair dry naturally whenever possible; if you use a blow dryer, gently towel dry your hair first; avoid blow drying on high heat; etc.

132
Q

What is a layer of dead cells that are at the base of the nail that help prevent disease-causing bacteria from entering your body?

A

cuticle

133
Q

What are some tips for better nail care?

A

use a fingernail brush regularly to keep your nails clean; clip any hangnails; gently push back the cuticles each time you wash your hands; and clip or file your nail regularly

134
Q

What is a sticky, colorless film of harmful bacteria?

A

plaque

135
Q

What is bad-smelling breath whose primary cause is poor oral hygiene?

A

halitosis

136
Q

What is a doctor that provides preventive dental care?

A

dental hygienist

137
Q

What is a doctor who prevents and corrects improperly aligned teeth?

A

orthodontist

138
Q

What is a condition in which the teeth of the upper and lower jaws do not align properly?

A

malocclusion

139
Q

What are some tips for good oral hygiene?

A

brush your teeth at least 2 times a day; brush your teeth before you go to bed; whenever possible, brush your teeth after eating; etc.

140
Q

What is a dark-colord pigment that is largely responsible for determining skin color?

A

melanin

141
Q

What is a temporary increase in melanin that helps your body protect itself from the harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun?

A

tanning

142
Q

What are the most common types of skin cancer?

A

basal-cell carcinoma and squamous-cell carcinoma

143
Q

What is a rarer but much more dangerous form of skin cancer that tends to occur more in fair-skinned people who spend most of their time indoors and then overdo it when they go out in the sun?

A

malignant melanoma

144
Q

What are signs of melanoma?

A

Asymmetry
Border irregularity
Color change
Diameter change

Health (10 decks)

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