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Health > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a female reproductive cell?

A

Ovum/egg

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2
Q

What is a male reproductive cell?

A

Sperm

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3
Q

When the ovum and the sperm are combined what is formed?

A

zygote

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4
Q

What is a fertilized egg cell?

A

Zygote

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5
Q

What is the muscular organ of the female reproductive system in which a baby is nourished until birth?

A

Uterus

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6
Q

What is the uterus more commonly known as?

A

The womb

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7
Q

What is the zygote called when it builds into a hollow sphere?

A

Blastocyst

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8
Q

What is the zygote called once it attaches itself to the wall of the uterus?

A

Embryo

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9
Q

What is a sack of blood vessels that forms between the bodies of the baby (embryo) and the mother?

A

Placenta

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10
Q

What is a bundle of three blood vessels that attaches the baby to the placenta?

A

Umbilical cord

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11
Q

What is an unborn child called from the 9th week after conception until birth when it is distinctly recognizable as a miniature baby?

A

Fetus

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12
Q

What type of doctor provides a medical care for women during and after pregnancy?

A

Obstetrician

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13
Q

What is the fastest growing period of one’s life?

A

From birth to 18 months

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14
Q

What type of doctor provides primary care for infants and children?

A

Pediatrician

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15
Q

What is the transitional change from childhood into adulthood?

A

Adolescence

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16
Q

What is the stage of development in which the body becomes physically able to reproduce and marks the beginning of adolescence?

A

Puberty

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17
Q

What are “stimulators” of the endocrine system?

A

Hormones

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18
Q

What is the study of the endocrine system, its structure, functions, disorders, and diseases?

A

Endocrinology

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19
Q

What type of doctor treats diseases and disorders of the endocrine system?

A

Endocrinologist

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20
Q

What is sometimes called the “master gland” because it affects the other endocrine glance (consists of the interior lobe and the posterior lobe)?

A

Pituitary gland

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21
Q

What is the growth hormone that regulates your overall growth rate by stimulating the growth of new tissues?

A

somatotropin

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22
Q

If the pituitary gland is not functioning properly what could be a negative side effect?

A

Dwarfism

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23
Q

What is a hormone secreted by the posterior lobe in the pituitary gland that helps regulate blood pressure and the body’s water balance?

A

Antidiuretic hormone

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24
Q

What is the gland that secrets hormones that regulate metabolism?

A

Thyroid gland

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25
Q

What is the chemical and physical processes by which the body “burns” food and generates energy?

A

Metabolism

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26
Q

What is the principal hormone produced by the thyroid gland that contains iodine and regulates metabolism?

A

Thyroxine

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27
Q

Which gland functions with a thyroid gland to regulate the amount of calcium in the blood?

A

Parathyroid glands

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28
Q

What could be the result of too much calcium being removed from the bones?

A

Osteoporosis

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29
Q

What are the two glands that are located one on each kidney?

A

Adrenal glands

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30
Q

What is the hormone that prepares the body for stressful situations when strength and endurance is required?

A

Epinephrine (adrenaline)

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31
Q

What is the hormone that stimulates the kidneys to conserve sodium and excrete potassium and helps regulate the body’s water balance?

A

Aldosterone

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32
Q

What is the hormone that stimulates the body to repair itself following stress, inflammation, or injury?

A

Cortisol

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33
Q

What is the important organ that lies behind the stomach?

A

Pancreas

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34
Q

What are small clusters of cells that regulate the amount of glucose in the blood that are found in the pancreas?

A

islets of Langerhans

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35
Q

What is a hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans that removes glucose from the blood?

A

Insulin

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36
Q

What is another hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans that release/increase glucose in the blood?

A

Glucagon

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37
Q

What are reproductive glands called?

A

Gonads

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38
Q

What a reproductive glands and males called?

A

Testes

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39
Q

What are reproductive glands in females called?

A

Ovaries

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40
Q

What are the main hormones produced by the ovaries?

A

Estrogens

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41
Q

What is the main hormone produced by the testes?

A

Testosterone

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42
Q

What is a gland that lies in the center of the brain whose primary function is the regulation of the body’s waking and sleeping cycles?

A

Pineal gland

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43
Q

What is the hormone secreted by the pineal gland which triggers sleepiness?

A

melatonin

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44
Q

What is the study of the structure, functions, disorders, and diseases of the digestive system?

A

Gastroenterology

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45
Q

What are the three major functions of the digestive system?

A

Digestion of food, absorption of nutrients, and the elimination of waste

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46
Q

What is the physical and chemical breakdown of complex nutrients into similar water-soluble substances the body can consume?

A

Digestion

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47
Q

What is the part of the tooth that we can see?

A

Crown

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48
Q

What covers the crown; the hardest substance in the body?

A

Enamel

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49
Q

What is the bone light tissue that forms the main part of the tooth?

A

Dentin

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50
Q

What is the soft tissue located in the hollow center of the tooth that contains nerves and blood vessels that enter the tooth?

A

Pulp

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51
Q

What is the place where the nerves and blood vessels pass through in the tooth?

A

Root canal

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52
Q

What is a thin, bone like covering over the root canal that helps hold the tooth firmly in its socket?

A

Cementum

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53
Q

What is the layer of tissue that produces cementum?

A

Periodontal membrane

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54
Q

What is the tissue surrounding the teeth called?

A

Gingiva (gum)

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55
Q

What type of doctor treats diseases of the teeth and gums?

A

Dentist

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56
Q

What type of doctor treats diseases and disorders of the digestive system?

A

Gastroenterologist

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57
Q

What is a muscular organ that forms the softened food in your mouth into a ball and then pushes it into the back of your mouth?

A

Tongue

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58
Q

What is the throat also called?

A

Pharynx

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59
Q

What is a small muscular flap of tissue suspended at the back of your mouth that closes the opening to your nasal passages when you swallow?

A

Uvula

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60
Q

What is a small flap of cartilage that covers the top of the trachea (windpipe) to prevent the food from entering your respiratory tract while you are eating?

A

Epiglottis

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61
Q

What are the glands that produce saliva?

A

Salvatory glands

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62
Q

What are the protein molecules designed to activate or speed up the chemical reactions in your body?

A

Enzymes

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63
Q

What is a digestive juice containing water, mucus, and a digestive enzyme?

A

Saliva

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64
Q

What is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach?

A

Esophagus

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65
Q

What are wave - like contractions that force food through the esophagus and the rest of the digestive tract?

A

Peristalsis

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66
Q

What is the digestive tract also called?

A

Gastrointestinal tract

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67
Q

What is a circular band of muscle located where the esophagus joins the stomach and allows food to pass into the stomach?

A

Sphincter muscle

68
Q

What is a muscular, saclike organ that has the largest diameter of the gastrointestinal tract?

A

Stomach

69
Q

What is a mixture of hydrochloric acid, digestive enzymes, and mucus?

A

Gastric juice

70
Q

What is a thick liquid of food particles with gastric juice?

A

chyme

71
Q

What lines the stomach walls and is coated with mucus to protect the stomach from digestive enzymes in the corrosive action of the acid?

A

Mucus membrane

72
Q

What is the stomach’s primary function?

A

To store food and release it as chyme into the small intestine for further digestion

73
Q

What is the longest part of the digestive tract?

A

Small intestine

74
Q

What is the first 10 inches of the small intestine called?

A

duodenum

75
Q

What are tiny hair-like projections that line the wall of the small intestine?

A

Villi

76
Q

What is the movement of water, digested food, and other dissolved substances into the bloodstream?

A

Absorption

77
Q

What is the longest part of the small intestine called?

A

Ileum

77
Q

What is the middle section of the small intestine where most of the absorption occurs called?

A

Jejunum

78
Q

What is the large intestine that eliminates undigested wastes called?

A

colon

79
Q

What is what the watery chyme becomes?

A

feces

80
Q

feces What is the last few inches of the digestive tract where feces is stored?

A

rectum

81
Q

What is the organ that produces pancreatic juice which contains enzymes for digesting fats, carbohydrates, and proteins?

A

Pancreas

82
Q

Where is the bile stored and concentrated?

A

Gallbladder

82
Q

What is the largest internal organ of the body?

A

Liver

83
Q

Liver What is the digestive juice essential for breaking down fats and oils?

A

bile

84
Q

What is fruit and vegetable sugar?

A

Fructose

84
Q

What are essential nutrients?

A

Macronutrients

84
Q

Macronutrients What are sugars and starches composed of the elements carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen that produce energy?

A

Carbohydrates

85
Q

What is sugar manufactured and used by the body?

A

Glucose

85
Q

What is milk sugar?

A

Lactose

86
Q

What are both monosaccharides and disaccharides?

A

Simple carbohydrates

86
Q

What are sugars found in grains?

A

Maltos

86
Q

What is table sugar?

A

Sucrose

86
Q

What is a complex carbohydrate formed from long chains of symbol carbohydrates?

A

Polysaccharides

86
Q

What are two monosaccharides combined called?

A

Disaccharides

86
Q

What are simple sugars called?

A

monosaccharides

86
Q

What percentage of your total daily calories should carbohydrates provide?

A

45% to 65%

87
Q

What are substances in the diet that are not digested but help the intestines to function efficiently?

A

Dietary fiber

88
Q

What is a phallic substance that can accumulate in the blood and restrict blood flow?

A

Cholesterol

89
Q

What are insoluble fibers found in all plant cells, a complex carbohydrate made a very long chance of glucose?

A

Cellulose

90
Q

What are the long chains that are considered the building blocks of proteins?

A

Amino acids

91
Q

What provides raw materials to build tissues?

A

Protein

92
Q

What are amino acids that must be obtained from the foods you consume and cannot be formed in the body?

A

Essential amino acids

93
Q

What percentage of your total calories should protein supply?

A

10% to 30%

94
Q

What are plant proteins that lack one or more of the essential amino acids?

A

Incomplete proteins

95
Q

What make up fats and are attached to glycerol molecules?

A

Fatty acids

96
Q

Would provide energy and raw materials to build tissues?

A

fats

97
Q

What is the general term for fat like substances that are typically insoluble in water?

A

Lipids

98
Q

What are fatty acids that are mainly animal fats and are solely at room temperature?

A

Saturated fats

99
Q

What are fatty acids that are mainly vegetable oils and are liquid at room temperature?

A

Unsaturated fats

100
Q

What is a fat molecule that lacks only one pair of hydrogen atoms?

A

monounsaturated

101
Q

What is a fat molecule that lacks two or more hydrogen atom pairs?

A

polyunsaturated

102
Q

What is a fatty acid that the body cannot manufacture and must obtain through food?

A

Essential fatty acids

103
Q

What is the type of fat that many processed foods contain?

A

Hydrogenated oil

104
Q

What are “packages” of fats and proteins that are transported through the bloodstream?

A

Lipoproteins

105
Q

What are high density lipoproteins that contain a high concentration of protein?

A

HDLs

106
Q

What are low density lipoproteins that contain a high concentration of cholesterol?

A

LDLs

107
Q

What percentage of your total calories should fat supply?

A

25% to 35%

108
Q

What are important organic substances and foods that are needed in small amounts so that the body and cells and tissues can function properly?

A

Vitamins

109
Q

What are substances that neutralize harmful molecules called free radicals?

A

Antioxidants

110
Q

What are two vitamins that are antioxidants?

A

Vitamin C and E

111
Q

What are vitamins that can dissolve in water?

A

Water soluble vitamins

112
Q

What are two vitamins that are water soluble?

A

Vitamin C and B complex vitamins

113
Q

Which vitamin helps the body absorb energy from the food we consume?

A

Vitamin B

114
Q

Which vitamin helps in the production of collagen?

A

Vitamin C

115
Q

What is vital for wound and bone healing, healthy gums, and strong bones and teeth?

A

Collagen

116
Q

What is caused by a lack of some substance in the diet?

A

Deficiency disease

117
Q

Order processed foods to which vitamins and minerals have been added during the manufacturing process?

A

Enriched foods

118
Q

What are vitamins that don’t dissolve in water?

A

fat soluble vitamins

119
Q

Which vitamins are fat soluble?

A

Vitamins A D K and E

120
Q

Which vitamin produces carotene to help increase sightability at night?

A

Vitamin A

121
Q

Which vitamin is a vital part of the blood coagulation process?

A

Vitamin K

122
Q

With vitamin host maintained proper immune function?

A

Vitamin E

123
Q

Which vitamin hopes maintain healthy bones?

A

Vitamin D

124
Q

Which vitamin is sometimes called the “sunshine vitamin”?

A

Vitamin D

125
Q

What is the condition of reaching toxic levels of certain vitamins by consuming too many vitamin supplements?

A

Hypervitaminosis

126
Q

What is a deficiency disease that results from insufficient vitamin D?

A

Rickets

127
Q

What is a result of a lack of vitamin K?

A

poor blood coagulation

128
Q

What is caused by a shortage of vitamin A?

A

Night blindness

129
Q

What are inorganic substances that are needed in small amounts in order for the body cells and tissues to function properly?

A

minerals

130
Q

Which minerals are essential for the production and repair of bones and teeth?

A

calcium and phosphorus

131
Q

Which mineral is vital to energy production?

A

magnesium

132
Q

What are minerals that become electrically charges when dissolved in fluids?

A

electrolytes

133
Q

What are three examples of electrolytes?

A

potassium, sodium, chlorine

134
Q

What are elements that are vitally important but are needed in extremely small quantities?

A

trace elements

135
Q

What are two examples of trace elements?

A

iron and iodine

136
Q

What does a lack of iron result in? Lack of iodine?

A

anemia; and enlargement of the thyroid gland

137
Q

What is a condition in which the bones become weak and brittle and are ore likely to fracture?

A

osteoporosis

138
Q

What is the primary component of all body fluids that is essential for digesting and absorbing food, transporting nutrients from the cells, etc.?

A

water

139
Q

What is the science of how the body uses food?

A

Nutrition

140
Q

What is the science that deals with the relationship between people come of food, and health?

A

dietetics

141
Q

Who is a professional who has received extensive training in the food of dietetics?

A

Dietitian

142
Q

What is the common unit for measuring the energy value of foods that is often shortened to calorie?

A

kilocalorie

143
Q

What is the chemical and physical processes by which the body “burns” food and generates energy?

A

Metabolism

144
Q

What is the lowest rate of metabolism?

A

Basal metabolism

145
Q

What is the amount of energy your body uses for basal metabolism?

A

Basil metabolic rate (BMR)

146
Q

What is the proportion of nutrients compared to the number of calories the food contains?

A

Nutrient density

147
Q

What is the recommended amounts of certain nutrients to be consumed daily?

A

daily values

148
Q

According to MyPlate, how many cups of fruits should we eat daily?

A

1 1/2 - 2 cups

149
Q

According to MyPlate, how many cups of vegetables should we eat daily?

A

2 1/2 - 3 cups

150
Q

According to MyPlate, how many ounces of grains should we eat daily?

A

6-8

150
Q

According to MyPlate, how many ounces of protein should we eat daily?

A

5-6 1/2

151
Q

According to MyPlate, how many cups of dairy should we have daily?

A

3

152
Q

What should we do to maintain a healthful life?

A

maintain a healthful weight

153
Q

What is the cycle of losing, gaining, losing, and gaining weight?

A

yo-yo dieting

Health (8 decks)

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