Chapter 2 Flashcards
culture
the totality of learned, shared symbols, and language. values, and norms that distinguish one group of people from another
society
group of people who share the same culture
co-culture
group of people who share values, customs, and norms related to mutual interests or characteristics besides their national citizenship
nationality
a person’s status as a citizen of a particular country
ethnicity
a person’s perception of his/her ancestry and heritage
race
differences in sets of physical characteristics - such as bone structure and the colour of skin, hair, and eyes - that have often been presumed to have a biological or genetic basis
socioeconomic status
a measure of a person’s financial and social position relative to that of others
sex
a genetic variable that determines whether someone is born male, female, of another sex, or of an indeterminate sex
gender
a social and psychological variable that characterizes a person’s identity as feminine, masculine, or androgynous
individualistic culture
a culture in which people their primary responsibility is to themselves
collectivistic culture
a culture in which people are taught that their primary responsibility is to their families, their communities, and their employers
low-context culture
a culture in which people are expected to be direct, to say what they mean, and to use language that is specific and concrete
high-context culture
a culture in which people are taught to speak in an indirect way, and that maintaining harmony and avoiding offense are more important than expressing their true feelings
low-power-distance culture
a culture in which people believe that all individuals are equal and that no one person or group should have excessive power
high-power-distance culture
a culture in which people believe that certain individuals or groups deserve more power than others, and that respecting power and privilege is more important that promoting equality
uncertainty avoidance
the extent to which we try to avoid situations that are unstructured, unclear, or unpredictable
masculine culture
a culture in which people tend to cherish stereotypically masculine values, such as ambition, achievement, and the acquisition of material goods
feminine culture
a culture in which people tend to value nurturing behavior, quality of life, and service to others, all stereotypically feminine qualities
high-contact culture
a culture in which people usually stand or sit fairly close to one another and touch one another frequently
low-contact culture
a culture in which people keep great amounts of personal space between themselves and touch one another less frequently
intimate distance
the zone people willingly occupy with only their closest and most intimate friends, family members, and romantic partners; ranges from 0-1 1/2 feet
personal distance
the distance people typically maintain with their friends and relatives; extends from 1 1/2 - 4 feet
social distance
the distance used with customers, casual acquaintances, and others to convey more formal, impersonal interaction; ranges from 4-12 feet
public distance
the distance that applies when someone is giving a speech or performing in front of a large audience. the purpose is to keep the presenter far enough away from the group that he/she is comfortable and visible to everyone; usually 12-25 feet
