Chapter 2

Question 1

The shift in focus on social problems and attempts to engage the wider community to assist in curbing crime and disorder emerged into what is now commonly called____

Answer 1

“community policing.”

Question 2

In Policing a Free Society, ____ questioned the effectiveness of traditional police methods in safeguarding the constitutional rights and privileges celebrated in American society versus the control of crime and the decay of social order.

Answer 2

Herman Goldstein

Question 3

Crime increasing dramatically in neighborhoods where visible signs of social decay and disorder are present is the definition of ____

Answer 3

broken windows theory

Question 4

Old programs, such as the ____ officer, were reintroduced to American policing as ways to bring the police and the community closer together.

Answer 4

“walking beat”

Question 5

Community policing is focused on programs that fostered five elements:

Answer 5

(1) a commitment to crime prevention, (2) public scrutiny of the police, (3) accountability of police actions to the public, (4) customized police service, and (5) community organization.

Question 6

Definitive statements on the impact of ____ are difficult because the concept itself looks very different from agency to agency.

Answer 6

community policing

Question 7

____ is a process that looks at the individual needs of the community and then designs proactive strategies to stop or prevent crime.

Answer 7

CompStat

Question 8

In present practice, COP is a proactive approach to crime control with three complimentary elements:

Answer 8

(1) community partnerships; (2) problem solving, using the Scanning, Analysis, Response, and Assessment (SARA) model; and (3) organizational transformation

Question 9

Not only does____ take a look at crime numbers and the harm that crime itself causes, but it also explores the inherent harms in different types of police activities.

Answer 9

harm-focused policing

Question 10

Newport News Police Department developed a “problem-oriented” approach yielding an important four-step, problem-solving methodology referred to as _____

Answer 10

SARA

Question 11

What are the four SARA steps?

Answer 11

Scanning, Analysis, Response, Assessment

Question 12

In 1993, the first major operational changes using community policing in the city of Chicago was called the ____

Answer 12

Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy (CAPS)

Question 13

In Minneapolis, the CompStat program was referred to as ____

Answer 13

CODEFOR (Computer Optimized Deployment—Focus On Results).

Question 14

____ is the use of the best available research on the outcomes of police work to implement guidelines and evaluate agencies, units, and officers.

Answer 14

evidence-based policing

Question 15

The evidence-based policing model focuses on the “Triple-T Strategy”:

Answer 15

Targeting, Testing, and Tracking

Question 16

Evidence-based policing also reinforces the concept of ___

Answer 16

police transparency

Question 17

the Evidence-Based Policing Matrix developed by____ and colleagues

Answer 17

Dr. Cynthia Lum

Question 18

This type of policing forces the police to identify specific areas with undue concentrations of crime and then direct their resources at those places.

Answer 18

hot-spot policing

Question 19

____ patrols involve the assignment of officers to problematic areas for proactive enforcement at high-risk times.

Answer 19

Directed and saturated

Question 20

____ utilizes criminal intelligence analysis as a means to accomplish crime prevention and reduction through best practices and partnerships with other entities.

Answer 20

intelligence-led policing

Question 21

Although intelligence-led policing emerged in the United States after the ____, the movement toward this approach actually began prior to the 1990s

Answer 21

September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks

Question 22

one of the key components of ____ is the use of advanced analytics that evaluate and examine data and information through advanced statistics and artificial intelligence.

Answer 22

predictive policing

Question 23

____ is the process of identifying patterns and relationships between crime data and other relevant data sources to prioritize and target police activity

Answer 23

Crime analysis

Question 24

crime analysis generates associations and relationships between variables such as ____ that are related to crime.

Answer 24

space, time, offenders, and victims

Question 25

The focus of ____ is on recent criminal incidents through the examination of characteristics such as how, when, and where the activity has occurred in order to aid suspect identification and case clearance.

Answer 25

tactical crime analysis

Question 26

the study of crime and/or social problems in a specific area in an effort to determine long-term patterns of activity as well as to evaluate police responses and organizational procedures?

Answer 26

Strategic crime analysis

Question 27

____ is invaluable in complex investigations, particularly those that have a “conspiracy” aspect, as is often found in racketeering and continuing criminal enterprise cases.

Answer 27

Link analysis

Question 28

computerized reports derived from court ordered long-distance telephone billings of suspects in illegal narcotics trafficking is?

Answer 28

telephone toll analysis

Question 29

Visual investigative analysis (VIA is charting that depicts key events of criminal activity in ____. VIA is used to show the degree of involvement of subjects.

Answer 29

chronological order

Question 30

____ system is used to clarify relationships and calculate the probability of associations.

Answer 30

Case analysis and management

Question 31

____ is the identification of networks of offenders and criminal activity, often associated with organized crime, gangs, drug traffickers, prostitution rings, and terrorist organizations.

Answer 31

Intelligence analysis

Question 32

Crime analysis is a ____ process designed primarily to identify trends and patterns associated with crime and social problems.

Answer 32

flexible and dynamic

Question 33

Prior to ____, police commonly used pin maps as a means of tracking crime.

Answer 33

geographic information systems(GIS)

Question 34

There are two types of crime mapping:

Answer 34

statistical spatial analysis and spatial modeling.

Question 35

The____is a worldwide network of computer systems and other computer networks that offers the opportunity for sending information to and receiving information from a vast audience from around the world.

Answer 35

Internet

Question 36

In one of the best examples of the possibilities that lie within ____, the Boston Police Department utilized Twitter and Facebook in the immediate aftermath of the Boston Marathon Bombings in 2013.

Answer 36

social media

Question 37

The new task for information technologies is ____ , in addition to the storage and maintenance of information as in the past.

Answer 37

analysis

Question 38

It is essential to recognize that the best policing strategy means nothing if the ____ does not have confidence in the police.

Answer 38

community

Question 39

Peel viewed the police as having a _____toward the public versus the British military fighting an armed enemy in a distant land.

Answer 39

protective role

Question 40

Initially, ____ were created primarily as a mechanism to deal with riots. Over time, there was mission creep as they effectively took on high risk responsibilities, e.g., drug raids and barricaded subjects.

Answer 40

SWAT teams

Question 41

Stress training in police academies may well generate an ____ mind-set in rookie officers

Answer 41

“us versus them”

Question 42

The ____ allows the Secretary of Defense to provide weapons, vehicles, and other materials to federal and state law enforcement agencies for counter-drug and counterterrorism activities.

Answer 42

National Defense Authorization Act (1997)

Question 43

Between Fiscal Years 2009 and 2014, the federal government provided nearly ____ in funds and resources to support state and local law enforcement agencies.

Answer 43

$18 billion dollars

Question 44

____ represents traditional policing in all of its negative manifestations—aggressive, reactive, and based on force.

Answer 44

Militarization

Question 45

____ is described as being based on four principles: treating people with dignity and respect; giving individuals a “voice” during encounters; being neutral and transparent in decision making; and conveying trustworthy motives.

Answer 45

just behavior