Chapter 11

Question 1

NO SINGLE FORCE IN the past 60 years has had a greater impact on the administration of police agencies than ___ by officers.

Answer 1

collective bargaining

Question 2

The attention of labor organizations was devoted almost entirely to obtaining members from the ___ until the 1960s.

Answer 2

private sector

Question 3

With barriers to the unionization of public employees falling, combined private and public sector unions peaked in 1979 with ___ members

Answer 3

21 million

Question 4

The multiple reasons for the reduction in union membership:

Answer 4

(1) right to work laws; (2) manufacturers have

been expanding into the 25 states with right to work laws; and (3) the growth in sectors such as retail and restaurants

Question 5

The first campaign to organize the police started shortly after World War I, when the ___ reversed a long-standing policy

Answer 5

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

Question 6

In ___, the U.S. District Court struck down a portion of a North Carolina statute prohibiting public employees from being or becoming a union member as an infringement on their First Amendment right

Answer 6

Atkins v. City of Charlotte

Question 7

Historically, the police have felt isolated in their effort to control crime. This stems from two factors:

Answer 7

(1) perceived public hostility and (2) the

impact of the due process revolution

Question 8

Officers began turning to ___ to rectify collectively the shortcomings of their circumstances.

Answer 8

employee organizations

Question 9

One lesson the police learned from ___ is

that collective action can produce results.

Answer 9

campus demonstrations

Question 10

The impact of police unions on ___ is arguably the issue that causes the greatest concern

Answer 10

discipline and accountability

Question 11

One of the most important aspects of police subculture involves the ___, the refusal of officers to testify against other officers who are accused of misconduct.

Answer 11

code of silence

Question 12

Police union contract provisions typically specify detailed procedures for the investigation of ___ including the time, place, and manner of interviews or interrogations.

Answer 12

alleged misconduct

Question 13

the police subculture is a ___phenomenon, of which the police union is only one aspect or influence

Answer 13

multi-dimensional

Question 14

police unions have been generally successful in negotiating ___ and fringe benefit packages for their members.

Answer 14

good salary

Question 15

Under the terms of the federal National Labor Relations Act, state governmental bodies and their political subdivisions, are excluded from the definition of ___

Answer 15

“employer”

Question 16

Most states that allow public sector collective bargaining have created a ___ to administer the enabling law.

Answer 16

Public Employees Relations Commission (PERC)

Question 17

The general thrust of the collective bargaining laws can be summarized by three simplified models:

Answer 17

the binding arbitration model, the meet and confer

model, and the bargaining not required model

Question 18

public employees are granted the right to select exclusive representatives for the purposes of bargaining with their employers.

Answer 18

binding arbitration model

Question 19

There are three general types of binding arbitration laws, reflecting differences in the latitude given arbitrators to render decisions.

Answer 19

“issue-by-issue” “final offer, issue-by-issue,” “total package”

Question 20

Labor leaders commonly refer to the meet and confer model as ___ because it confers little or no bargaining rights on employees.

Answer 20

“collective begging”

Question 21

the bargaining not required model, is found in states that do not ___ or, in some cases, allow collective bargaining for law enforcement officers.

Answer 21

statutorily require

Question 22

___ subjects of bargaining—usually those described as topics pertaining to wages, hours, and terms and conditions of employment

Answer 22

Mandatory

Question 23

___subjects of bargaining—usually falling under the general heading of “management rights”—are those over which bargaining may occur but is not compelled

Answer 23

Permissive

Question 24

___subjects of bargaining are those over

which the employer is forbidden by law from bargaining

Answer 24

Illegal

Question 25

The obligation to bargain is ___, a characteristic that can significantly limit an employer’s flexibility in making certain decisions.

Answer 25

continual

Question 26

A labor organization can waive the right to bargain over changes in past practices in one of two ways: by ___

Answer 26

“inaction” and by “contract.”

Question 27

Contractual clauses typically labeled ___forbid an employer from changing wages, hours, or working conditions.

Answer 27

“maintenance of benefits” or “existing conditions”

Question 28

When a topic is mandatory for bargaining, the employer must negotiate about the topic with the labor organization, not with ___

Answer 28

individual union members.

Question 29

An election is held, and the union must get ___ percent plus one officer to prevail.

Answer 29

50

Question 30

The most common method of unit determination, however, is for the PERC to make decisions on a ___, applying certain criteria stipulated in the legislation.

Answer 30

case-by-case basis

Question 31

The union’s chief negotiator will usually not be a

___of the bargaining unit; rather, he or she will be a specialist brought in to represent it.

Answer 31

member

Question 32

The ___ for management may be the director of labor relations or the human resources director of the unit of government involved or may be a professional labor relations specialist.

Answer 32

chief negotiator

Question 33

There are certain personality types that should not be called upon to participate in the negotiation process. This includes individuals with ___

Answer 33

“axes to grind,”

Question 34

___should begin preparing for the next negotiations as soon as these are completed.

Answer 34

management

Question 35

demands may be submitted either in the form of a proposed contract or as a ___which simply lists the demands being made.

Answer 35

“shopping list,”

Question 36

the contract will be examined thoroughly in a ___ during which time management will seek to learn what the union means by particular wording.

Answer 36

“walk-through,”

Question 37

At times, the police union may feel the need to ___ by engaging in picketing as a form of political pressure.

Answer 37

“up the stakes”

Question 38

a ___ is a complaint or an expression of

dissatisfaction by an employee with respect to some aspect of employment,

Answer 38

grievance

Question 39

The___ is quasi-judicial, with more relaxed rules of evidence than are found in either criminal or civil proceedings.

Answer 39

arbitration hearing

Question 40

about ___ of the total, brought to an arbitration hearing are those involving discipline against an officer.

Answer 40

90 percent

Question 41

A key advantage of arbitration is the___ with which issues are heard and a decision is made

Answer 41

speed

Question 42

___ is a label used to describe several types of activities in which employees may engage to express their dissatisfaction

Answer 42

Job action

Question 43

Although officers continue to work during a ___, they do so at a leisurely pace, causing productivity to fall.

Answer 43

work slowdown

Question 44

___ are an acceleration of activity, resulting in the overproduction of one or more types of police services.

Answer 44

Work speedups

Question 45

The ultimate work stoppage is the ___, which is the withholding of all of labor’s services.

Answer 45

strike

Question 46

Managers should strive to maintain a fair and balanced posture on the subject of the job actions, and their dominant focus should be on ___.

Answer 46

ending it

Question 47

the “new normal” is that police department budgets are no longer considered ___.

Answer 47

untouchable