Chapter 19 - The Reach of Imperialism

Question 1

Socialism

Answer 1

a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.

Question 2

Utopia

Answer 2

an imagined community or society that possesses highly desirable or nearly perfect qualities for its citizens.

Question 3

Robert Owen

Answer 3

a Welsh social reformer and one of the founders of utopian socialism and the cooperative movement. He worked in the cotton industry in Manchester before setting up a large mill at New Lanark in Scotland.

Question 4

Karl Marx

Answer 4

a German-born scientist, philosopher, economist, sociologist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. Born in Trier to a middle-class family, he later studied political economy and Hegelian philosophy.

Question 5

Communism

Answer 5

a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.

Question 6

Proletariat

Answer 6

workers or working-class people, regarded collectively (often used with reference to Marxism).

Question 7

Democractic

Answer 7

relating to or supporting democracy or its principles.

Question 8

Communist Manifesto

Answer 8

an 1848 political pamphlet by German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

Question 9

Thomas Malthus

Answer 9

an English cleric and scholar, influential in the fields of political economy and demography. Malthus himself used only his middle name, Robert.

Question 10

David Richardo

Answer 10

a British political economist. He was one of the most influential of the classical economists, along with Thomas Malthus, Adam Smith, and James Mill.

Question 11

Capitalism

Answer 11

an economic and political system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

Question 12

Dictatorship

Answer 12

a form of government where a country or a group of countries is ruled by one person or political entity, and exercised through various mechanisms to ensure that the entity’s power remains strong.

Question 13

Laissez-Faire

Answer 13

a policy or attitude of letting things take their own course, without interfering.

Question 14

Adam Smith

Answer 14

a Scottish economist, philosopher, and author. He was a moral philosopher, a pioneer of political economy, and was a key figure during the Scottish Enlightenment era.

Question 15

Friedrich Engels

Answer 15

a German philosopher, social scientist, journalist, and businessman. He founded Marxist theory together with Karl Marx.

Question 16

Declaration of Women’s Rights

Answer 16

also known as the Declaration of the Rights of Woman, was written in 1791 by French activist, feminist, and playwright Olympe de Gouges in response to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.

Question 17

Suffrage

Answer 17

the right to vote in political elections.

Question 18

Romanticism

Answer 18

an artistic, literary, musical and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850.

Question 19

Realism

Answer 19

the attempt to represent subject matter truthfully, without artificiality and avoiding artistic conventions, implausible, exotic and supernatural elements.

Question 20

Naturalist

Answer 20

an expert in or student of natural history.

Question 21

Beethoven

Answer 21

a German composer and pianist. A crucial figure in the transition between the Classical and Romantic eras in Western art music, he remains one of the most famous and influential of all composers.

Question 22

Mark Twain

Answer 22

Samuel Langhorne Clemens, better known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American writer, humorist, entrepreneur, publisher, and lecturer.

Question 23

Cartography

Answer 23

the science or practice of drawing maps.

Question 24

Social Darwinism

Answer 24

the theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals.

Question 25

Charles Darwin

Answer 25

an English biologist, naturalist and geologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution.

Question 26

Albert Einstein

Answer 26

a German-born theoretical physicist. He developed the general theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics. Einstein’s work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science.

Question 27

Relativity

Answer 27

the absence of standards of absolute and universal application.

Question 28

Sigmund Freud

Answer 28

an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst.

Question 29

Modernism

Answer 29

a philosophical movement that, along with cultural trends and changes, arose from wide-scale and far-reaching transformations in Western society during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Question 30

Impressionism

Answer 30

a 19th-century art movement characterized by relatively small, thin, yet visible brush strokes, open composition, emphasis on accurate depiction of light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passage of time), ordinary subject matter, inclusion of movement as a crucial element of human perception and experience, and unusual visual angles.

Question 31

Monet

Answer 31

Oscar-Claude Monet was a founder of French Impressionist painting, and the most consistent and prolific practitioner of the movement’s philosophy of expressing one’s perceptions before nature, especially as applied to plein-air landscape painting.

Question 32

Natural Selection

Answer 32

the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype. It is a key mechanism of evolution, the change in heritable traits of a population over time.

Question 33

Pyotr Illyich

Answer 33

often anglicized as Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky, was a Russian composer of the late-Romantic period, some of whose works are among the most popular music in the classical repertoire.