Chapter 19 - Imitation and Instructions

Question 1

Imitation Training (is a specific type of discrimination training)

Answer 1

Involves demonstrating to another person how to perform a behavior.

Question 2

Instructional Training

Answer 2

Involves describing to another person how to perform a behavior.

Question 3

Imitation Training is when

1. the teacher demonstrates the IMITATIVE STIMULUS
2. The learner emits the IMITATIVE BEHAVIOR and
3. the teacher REINFORCES it.

Answer 3

The teacher shows the student the desired behavior by performing it; the learner copies the desired behavior; and the teacher reinforces it.

Question 4

Modeling or observational learning

Answer 4

Imitation Training that is not reinforced

Question 5

Used to increase spontaneous speech & conversations

Used to increase social peer interaction.

Used to overcome phobias

Used with people with little or no language.

They can demonstrate more effective behaviors even if the learner can’t understand instructions or explanations.

Answer 5

True

Question 6

Many people do not naturally imitate others.

People with developmental disabilities often do not imitate.

Psychologists have difficulty influencing the behavior of people who neither speak or imitate.

Answer 6

True

Question 7

Generalized imitation - leads to human language learning

Gestural imitation
Vocal imitation

Answer 7

Everyday development of children

Question 8

Instructional training…
1. The teacher gives a verbal description

2. the learner emits the instructional behavior
3. the teacher REINFORCES it.

Answer 8

The teacher DESCRIBES the desired behavior, the student emits it and the teacher reinforces it.

Instruction is an SD for the described behavior.

Question 9

Instructional Training is probably the most widely used form of behavior modification employed in everyday settings.

Answer 9

True

Question 10

Following instructions is frequently put on a schedule of extinction.

Answer 10

The importance of reinforcement for following instructions.

Question 11

Modifying self-instructions with these procedures (reinforcement, extinction, and punishment) is often very successful.

Answer 11

True

Question 12

Following instructions is not a natural skill but one that probably develops similarly to generalized imitation.
A child’s instruction-following behavior starts to generalize to all instructions.

Answer 12

True

Question 13

IMITATION & INSTRUCTIONS COMBINED

Imitation and instructions increase the number of swimmers protecting themselves from the sun.
Cooperative play can also be taught using the combined procedures.

Answer 13

TRUE

Question 14

Instructional training is simpler and more direct than relying on reinforcement alone.

Telling to talk more rather than waiting for more talking and then adding reinforcement is much faster.

Answer 14

True

Question 15

You cannot use INSTRUCTIONAL TRAINING with people who lack basic verbal skills.

Answer 15

True

Question 16

IMITATION TRAINING and INSTRUCTIONAL TRAINING are forms of DISCRIMINATION TRAINING.

Most effective with people who have generalized skills of imitating or following instructions.

IMITATION TRAINING may be basic to learning language.

Answer 16

True

Question 17

TACTIC #4 of the stimulus control strategy is to create complex stimulus control through imitation training and instructional training.

Answer 17

True

Question 18

IMITATION TRAINING sometimes appears to be DIFFERENTIAL REINFORCEMENT. When the teacher REINFORCES the learner for Imitative Behavior A but EXTINGUISHES the learner for IMITATIVE behavior B in the place of IMITATIVE STIMULUS A.

Teachers rarely present imitative stiumuli singly.

Answer 18

TRUE

Question 19

PROGRAMMING and FADING may involve imitation training prior to the WITHDRAWL OF THE PROMPT.

Answer 19

TRUE

Question 20

If an example involves ONE STIMULUS and TWO OR MORE BEHAVIORS, then it must involve…

Answer 20

DIFFERENTIAL REINFORCEMENT

Be sure to consider if the differential reinforcement inovolves SUCCESSIVE APPROXIMATIONS, if so then the procedure is SHAPING.

Question 21

If an example involves TWO OR MORE STIMULI and ONE BEHAVIOR, then you are dealing with a form of stimulus control such as

Answer 21

DISCRIMINATION TRAINING.

You must decide what type of stimulus control procedure is involved. If it involves STIMULUS CONTROL, you need to ask questions to label the SPECIFIC PROCEDURE.

Question 22

If the PROCEDURE does NOT involve a PROMPT, then you can label the procedure as…

Answer 22

DISCRIMINATION TRAINING or GENERALIZATION TRAINING.

Question 23

If the PROCEDURE doe involves A PROMPT, then the procedure is either…

Answer 23

FADING or PROGRAMMING.

Check this conclusion by asking if the prompt is GRADUALLY WITHDRAWN.

Question 24

If the example involves a PROMPT that is withdrawn, then you already know how to tell whether it is…

Answer 24

FADING or PROGRAMMING