Chapter 15 - Review Of Reinforcement

Question 1

Any behavior similar to a target behavior. It is usually one of a series of behaviors differentially reinforced in a program of shaping toward the goal of producing the target behavior.

Answer 1

Successive Approximation

Question 2

A generic schedule of reinforcement in which every response is reinforced. This schedule is usually used when a person is first learning a behavior, particularly in shaping procedures.

Answer 2

Continuous Reinforcement

Question 3

The frequency with which a person has received a particular reinforcer in the recent past. The less frequent the reinforcer, the more deprived the person.

Answer 3

Deprivation

Question 4

A procedure involving two or more physically different behaviors: one behavior is reinforced, and all others are extinguished.

Answer 4

differential reinforcement

Question 5

The procedure in which an event that followed a behavior is stopped, and the rate of the behavior decreases. When you use the procedure of extinction, you would say that you are “extinguishing” the behavior. An extinction burst is a temporary increase in responding as soon as extinction begins.

Answer 5

Extinction

Question 6

A schedule for reinforcing the first response after a fixed period of time has passed since the prior reinforcement. This schedule usually produces a scallop pattern of responding where people tend to pause after a reinforcer and then to gradually increase their response rate until they are working at a high rate at the moment they receive the next reinforcer.

Answer 6

fixed-interval

examples:

Question 7

A schedule for reinforcing the first response after a fixed number of prior responses. This schedule usually produces a “stairstep” pattern where people pause after reinforcement and then work at a very high rate until the next reinforcer. The overall rate is higher than continuous reinforcement but lower than variable-ratio.

Answer 7

fixed-ratio

Question 8

A generic schedule of reinforcement in which only some responses are reinforced. Ratio and interval schedules are common examples. A person trained on an intermittent schedule of reinforcement will have greater resistance to extinction as they will continue making a response during extinction for a longer period of time than a person trained on a continuous schedule. Intermittent reinforcement also produces more responding for fewer reinforcers, thus reducing the problem of satiation.

Answer 8

intermittent reinforcement

Question 9

The more consistently the reinforcer is delivered only for the desired behavior, the more effective the reinforcer. To decide whether this principle has been followed, ask the question, “Was the reinforcer given only when the desired behavior occurred?”

Answer 9

principle of contingency

Question 10

The more deprived the person is, the more effective the reinforcer. To decide whether the principle has been followed, ask, “Has the reinforcer rarely been delivered?”

Answer 10

principle of deprivation

Question 11

The more immediate the delivery of the reinforcer, the more effective the reinforcer. To decide whether this principle has been followed, ask the question, “Was the reinforcer delivered within one minute of the behavior (or while the behavior was still occurring)?”

Answer 11

principle of immediacy

Question 12

The more worthwhile the amount of a reinforcer, the more effective the reinforcer. To decide whether the principle has been followed, ask the question, “Was the amount of reinforcement worthwhile?”

Answer 12

principle of size

Question 13

Requiring so many responses for a reinforcer that the behavior slows or even totally stops.

Answer 13

ratio strain

Question 14

The procedure of using a reinforcer to increase the rate of a behavior.

Answer 14

reinforcement

Question 15

Changing the contingency between behavior and reinforcement. It consists of seven tactics:

1. Increase desirable behavior through reinforcement.
2. Decrease undesirable behavior through extinction.
3. Increase a desirable behavior relative to undesirable behavior through differential reinforcement.
4. Create new behavior through shaping.
5. Use the principles of reinforcer effectiveness.
6. Increase response rate with a ratio schedule.
7. Reduce reinforcer frequency with an interval schedule.

Answer 15

reinforcement strategy

Question 16

Any event that follows a behavior and increases the rate of that behavior.

Answer 16

reinforcer

Question 17

The opposite of deprivation. The more frequently a person has received a particular reinforcer in the recent past, the more satiated he or she is.

Answer 17

satiation

Question 18

The use of differential reinforcement on a series of successive approximations to a target behavior.

Answer 18

shaping

Question 19

The ultimate goal of a program of shaping.

Answer 19

target behavior

Question 20

Any behavioral procedure
(1) that is unsuccessful in changing behavior or

(2) for which a name and definition are untaught.

Some examples:

1. Any instruction occurring prior to the behavior.
2. Any attempt to use a method that is unsuccessful.
3. When a person is reinforced for emitting a behavior in one situation and extinguished for emitting the same behavior in another situation.

Answer 20

unknown

Question 21

A schedule for reinforcing the first response after a varying period of time from the prior reinforcement. This schedule usually causes a person to respond at a uniform rate.

Answer 21

variable-interval

Question 22

A schedule for reinforcing the first response after varying number of prior responses. This schedule usually causes people to work at a high and uniform rate of speed. It produces the highest rate of responding of the simple schedules.

Answer 22

variable-ratio