Chapter 19 & 20 Flashcards
Where does gas exchange occur?
alveolus/ aleoli
What are some functions of the respiratory system?
- gas exchange
- regulation of pH
- voice production
- olfaction
- protection
What does the upper respiratory consist of?
external nares, nasal cavity, pharynx and accessory structure.
What does the lower respiratory consist of?
trachea, bronchi, lungs
What are the three functions of the nasal cavity?
warm air, humidify the air, filter the air.
What are the three parts of the pharynx?
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
What is the larynx composed of?
Hyaline cartilage
What does the epiglottis protect? Is also stops food from?
glottis, stops food from going down the wrong pipe.
The epiglottis is composed of what?
elastic cartilage
What is the conducting zone in order?
Nasal cavity > pharynx > larynx > trachea > 1 bronchi > 2 bronchi > 3 bronchi > segments of the lung > smaller bronchi > bronchioles > terminal bronchioles
What is respiratory zone in order?
respiratory bronchioles > alveolar ducts > alveolar sac > alveoli
What are the bones that make up the hard palate?
maxilla (2) anterior
palatine (2) posterior
The trachea has ________ cartilage so that food does not get stuck as you swallow what is it shape? Does it have any special functions?
tracheal cartilage, which is c-shaped and opened in the posterior to make sure nothing can get stuck. It also provides support so the trachea doesn’t collapse.
What tissue lines the trachea?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
Where does gas exchange actually begin?
respiratory bronchioles
What is the inner pleura surrounding the lungs?
visceral pleura
What is the outer pleura surrounding the lungs?
parietal pleura
What tissue makes up the alveoli?
simple squamous epithelium
Where does gas exchange between air and blood occur?
respiratory membrane
Where does the blood supply to the lung come from?
pulmonary circuit, bronchial circuit
Inspiration is?
movement of air into the lungs.
Expiration is?
movement of air out of the lungs.
Boyle’s Law is?
P=i/v (pressure is inversely proportionate to volume)
Boyle’s law is important for?
pulmonary ventilation
Boyle’s law: if you increase volume pressure?
decreases
Boyle’s law: if you decrease volume pressure?
increases
Henry’s law is for?
gas exchange
Henry’s Law: By increasing pressure you?
dissolve more gas into the blood.
Henry’s Law: By decreasing pressure you?
dissolve less gas into the blood.
Daltons law is for?
Gas exchange
Daltons law is the
composition of air (-76mmHg, torr)
Lund recoil: Two factors that keep the lungs from collapsing?
surfactant
pleura pressure
What is resting tidal volume?
500mL
What is residual volume?
The little bit of air that is always in the lungs.
What is expiratory reserve volume?
the air we can blow out after tidal volume.
What is inspiratory reserve volume?
how much more air we can bring in after tidal volume.
What is the equation for total lung capacity?
ERV+TV+IRV+RV=TLC
What is the equation for vital capacity?
IVR+TV+ERV=VC
What is the equation for minute ventilation?
MV= TV x RR (respiratory rate)
What does minute ventilation measure?
the movement into and out of the lungs (not amount of air available for gas exchange)
What is the equation for alveolar ventilation?
Va= F x (Vt - Vp) mLs/min = frequency x (tidal volume - dead space)
What does alveolar ventilation measure?
volume of air available for gas exchange
What are the muscles of inspiration?
the diaphragm and external intercostals
What are the muscles on expiration?
the internal intercostals and abdominal muscles
What is respiratory rate equal to?
number of breathes per minute.
What is dead space?
The part of the respiratory system where gas exchange does not take place.
Where are lacteals located?
The lining of the small intestine.
What are chyle?
a type of lymphatic vessel.
Pathogens are filtered from the lymph by what?
lymph nodes.
The lymphatic system carries fluid in one direction what is that direction?
from tissues to the circulatory system.
What tissue do lymphatic vessels consist of?
simple squamous epithelium
Lymphatic capillaries form together to join what?
larger lymphatic vessels.
What are the three factors that cause compression of the lymphatic vessels?
- the contraction of smooth muscle.
- contraction of the surrounding skeletal muscle in the lymphatic vessel wall.
- pressure changes in the thorax during respiration.
Which lymphatic vessel is responsible for the emptying of the right upper limb and right half of the head, nack, and chest into the right subclavian vein?
right lymphatic vessel.
What are the lymphatic organs?
tonsils, spleen, lymph nodes, thymus
Lymphatic organs contain lymphatic tissue what does it consist of?
primarly lymphocytes, but also macrophages, dendritic cells, reticular cells, and other cells.
What does reticular cells produce?
reticular fibers
What is the only structure that filters lymph?
lymph nodes
Lymph nodules containing the rapidly dividing lymphocytes are called?
germinal centers.
What has no clear boundary, blends with surrounding tissues, and contains dispersed lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and other cells.
Diffuse lymphatic tissue
What are denser arrangements of lymphatic tissue organized into compact somewhat spherical structures?
Lymphatic nodules
Lymphatic capillaries and blood vessels remove _______ from the tissues and absorb _______ from the small intestines. Lymph nodes filter the _____ and the spleen filters the ______.
fluid, fats, lymph, blood
What are the two types of lymphocytes?
B-cells and T-cells.
Where do Pre- B cell’s originate and mature?
red bone marrow.
Where do pre- t cell’s originate and mature?
red bone marrow, and mature in the thymus.
True or False: Innate immunity is fast acting and can phagocytize pathogens so quickly that you never even know your sick.
True
True or False: Adaptive immunity is slow, all the time.
False, it is slow but if it is exposed more than once the speed will improve.
Which immunity can recognize pathogens if priory exposed?
Adaptive immunity
Immune cells communicated with each other and with other cells by secreting what?
Cytokines
What are cytokines?
They are proteins or peptides that bind to receptors on neighboring cells stimulating a response.
Cytokines attract immune cells to the site of?
infection.
What are substances that bind to receptors on adaptive immune cells and stimulate an adaptive immune response?
Antigens
What do b-cell’s differentiate into whenever antigens bind to b-cell receptors?
plasma cells. (they can also become memory be cells remember this)
What are antibodies?
proteins that bind to antigens that stimulated their production.
When antigens bind to t-cell receptors it activates the t-cell, resulting in the formation of?
cytotoxic t cells, and helper t-cells.
What do cytotoxic t-cells do?
kill other cells via apoptosis or by producing cytokines.
what do helper t-cells do?
secrete cytokines(also regulates t-cells, b-cells, and cytokines).
Monocytes become what when they enlarge in the tissues?
macrophages
Plasma cells and b-cells both produce what?
antibodies!
Natural killer cells are classified as what immunity?
innate immunity
True or False: Complement is a plasma protein that is inactive?
True
Innate immunity:Complement forms a _ _ _, which produces a channel through the plasma membrane of the pathogen.
MAC (membrane attack complex)
Innate immunity: What is an interferon?
they are proteins, produced by most cells, that interfere with virus production and infection.
What are clones?
they are identical lymphocytes that are specific for a particular antigen.
MHC class I: explain what you can about it to the best of your ability.
They present antigens to cytotoxic t-cells. So that if the antigen is foreign the cytotoxic t-cell can take care of it. If the antigen is a self antigen it will not stimulate the cytotoxic t-cell (normally). This is all intracellular.
MHC class II: explain what you can to the best of your ability.
An extracellular antigen is ingested by endocytosis and is broken down. The MHC class II fuses with the antigen and takes it to the plasma membrane which then is on display for the helper t-cells to come take care of the problem.
CD4 is associated with which cell?
Helper t-cell
Activation of proliferation of helper t-cells: explain what you know to the best of your ability.
It is basically a continuing after MHC class II is calling the naive helper t-cell. The MHC calls it over with CD4. The helper t-cell then attaches to the MHC molecule and goes through a process that in the end creates a memory t- cell so we have a long lasting immunity, and eliminates the antigen via stimulation of cytokines.
Activation of proliferation of b-cells: explain what you can about them.
Through a b-cell receptor the b-cell takes in the unprocessed antigen, and then processes it. The MHC class molecule then presents it to the helper t-cell, helper t-cell and cd4 bind to the MCH molecule. Helper t-cell stimulates b-cell which differentiates into memory b-cell and plasma cell. plasma cell kills antigen.
GAMED what does this stand for?
Classes of antibodies! IgG,IgA,IgM,IgE,IgD
Functions of IgG:
can cross the placenta to provide immune protection for newborn. responsible for Rh factor.
Functions of IgM:
ABO blood system, first on scene, b cells
Functions of IgA:
think saliva, into tears.
Functions of IgE:
Binds mast cells and basophils.
Functions of IgD:
antigen binding receptors on B cells.
What is primary immune response?
first exposure to an antigen.
What is secondary immune response?
you have already had expose to this antigen.
Cell-mediated immunity is primary the function of?
cytotoxic T cells.
What does perforin do?
It forms a channel in the plasma membrane of a target cell.
What are the two types of immunological tolerance?
central and peripheral.
What occurs when developing lymphocytes in central lymphatic tissue encounter self-antigens and are eliminated by negative selection.
central tolerance
What develops when mature lymphocytes encounter self-antigens in peripheral lymphatic tissues.
Peripheral tolerance
