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A&P II > Chapter 18: Nutrition > Flashcards

Chapter 18: Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Two major classes of nutrients?

A

Macronutrients

Micronutrients

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2
Q

What are macronutrients

A

required in large quantities: carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins

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3
Q

What are micronutreitns

A

needed in small quanitites, vitamins and minerals

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4
Q

What are cabohydrates

A

Organic. Include Sugar and Starches

Energy help in their chemical bonds is used to power cellular processes

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5
Q

Complex carbohydrates are called

A

poplysaccharides.

Starch from plant foods or glycogen from meats

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6
Q

What are simple carbohydrates

A

Disaccharides (double sugars): Milk, sugar, cane sugar, beet sugar, and molasses
Monosaccharides (Single sugars): From honey and fruits

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7
Q

What monosaccharides are absorbed from digestive tract

A

fructose, galactose, and glucose

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8
Q

What is the most common cellular fuel oxidized in glycolysis,

A

glucose

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9
Q

Glucose is broken down into

A

CO2, H2O and Energy

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10
Q

Excess glucose converted into

A

glycogen by glycogenesis and sored in liver an muscle cells

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11
Q

After storing a certain amount of glycogen, excess glucose converted into

A

fats by lipogenesis and stores in teh adipose tissue

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12
Q

Whats the primary source of fuel for cellular processes

A

carbohydrates

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13
Q

daily requirements of carbohydrates?

A

125-172 but average us diet includes 200-300 a day

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14
Q

Lipids are

A

organic compounds that include fats, oils, and fat like substances

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15
Q

Lipids supply energy fro

A

cellular processes

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16
Q

Lipids serve as

A

building blocks for structures such as cell membranes

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17
Q

most common dietary lipids are fats called

A

triglycerides

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18
Q

Lipids come from

A

Saturated Fats
Unsaturated Fats
Cholesterol

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19
Q

What are Saturated Fats

A

Mainly in foods of animal organ. Associated with CVD

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20
Q

What are Unsaturated Fats

A

Found in seeds, nuts, and plant oils.

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21
Q

What is Cholesterol

A

Abundant in liver and egg yolk. Not found in foods of plant origin.

22
Q

Lipids in foods include

A

phospholipids, cholesterol, and fats

23
Q

Excess glucose or amino acids can also be converted into

A

fat molecules

24
Q

Cholesterol is produced by

A

the liver and released into the blood

25
Q

Proteins consist of chains of

A

amino acids

26
Q

Proteins functions include

A

building more proteins and also supply energy

27
Q

proteins are first broken down into

A

amino acids

28
Q

Proteins: Nitrogen groups are removed through

A

deamination. Nitrogen groups react to form urea.

29
Q

After proteins are digested into amino acids, they are used to

A

synthesize new proteins, used to produce energy, or converted into glucose or fat

30
Q

Foods high in protein?

A

Meats, fish, poultry, chees,e nuts , milk

31
Q

What contains less protein?

A

Legumes

32
Q

The body needs how many amino acids?

A

20

33
Q

How many amino acids synthesized inside and outside of the body?

A

12 inside, 8 cannot be synthesized

34
Q

What happens if one amino acid is missing

A

ANy proteins that require amino acid cannot be produced

35
Q

Complete protein contain

A

adequte amounts of the essential amino acids

36
Q

Incomplete proteins do not contain

A

adequate amounts of esential amino acids. found in plant proteins

37
Q

Negative nitrogen balance develops from

A

starvation

38
Q

positive nitrogen balance develops in

A

growing children, pregnant women, or an athlete in training

39
Q

Overweight BMI

A

25-30

40
Q

What does Insulin do?

A

Hormone secreted by the pancreas after eating ; stimulates adipocytes to take up glucose

41
Q

What does Leptin do?

A

Hormone secreted by adipocytes while eating. Suppress appetite

42
Q

What does Neuropepetide do?

A

Neutrotransmitter secreted by the hypothalamus . Stimualates appetite

43
Q

What does Grehlin do?

A

Secreted by stomach. Enhances appetite by causing secretion of neuropeptide y

44
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A

Vitamins A D E K

45
Q

Water soluble vitamins

A

B vitamins and Vitmn C

46
Q

B vitamins essential for normal cellular

A

metabolism

47
Q

What are minerals?

A

Inorganic melements essential in metabolism. Usually extracted from teh soil by plants

48
Q

Minerals most concentrated in

A

bones and teeth

49
Q

Minerals composed parts of

A

the structural materials of all cells

50
Q

Minerals roles in

A

muscle contraction , nerve impulse conduction, blood coagulation

A&P II (10 decks)

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