Chapter 18: Nutrition Flashcards
Two major classes of nutrients?
Macronutrients
Micronutrients
What are macronutrients
required in large quantities: carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
What are micronutreitns
needed in small quanitites, vitamins and minerals
What are cabohydrates
Organic. Include Sugar and Starches
Energy help in their chemical bonds is used to power cellular processes
Complex carbohydrates are called
poplysaccharides.
Starch from plant foods or glycogen from meats
What are simple carbohydrates
Disaccharides (double sugars): Milk, sugar, cane sugar, beet sugar, and molasses
Monosaccharides (Single sugars): From honey and fruits
What monosaccharides are absorbed from digestive tract
fructose, galactose, and glucose
What is the most common cellular fuel oxidized in glycolysis,
glucose
Glucose is broken down into
CO2, H2O and Energy
Excess glucose converted into
glycogen by glycogenesis and sored in liver an muscle cells
After storing a certain amount of glycogen, excess glucose converted into
fats by lipogenesis and stores in teh adipose tissue
Whats the primary source of fuel for cellular processes
carbohydrates
daily requirements of carbohydrates?
125-172 but average us diet includes 200-300 a day
Lipids are
organic compounds that include fats, oils, and fat like substances
Lipids supply energy fro
cellular processes
Lipids serve as
building blocks for structures such as cell membranes
most common dietary lipids are fats called
triglycerides
Lipids come from
Saturated Fats
Unsaturated Fats
Cholesterol
What are Saturated Fats
Mainly in foods of animal organ. Associated with CVD
What are Unsaturated Fats
Found in seeds, nuts, and plant oils.
What is Cholesterol
Abundant in liver and egg yolk. Not found in foods of plant origin.
Lipids in foods include
phospholipids, cholesterol, and fats
Excess glucose or amino acids can also be converted into
fat molecules
Cholesterol is produced by
the liver and released into the blood
Proteins consist of chains of
amino acids
Proteins functions include
building more proteins and also supply energy
proteins are first broken down into
amino acids
Proteins: Nitrogen groups are removed through
deamination. Nitrogen groups react to form urea.
After proteins are digested into amino acids, they are used to
synthesize new proteins, used to produce energy, or converted into glucose or fat
Foods high in protein?
Meats, fish, poultry, chees,e nuts , milk
What contains less protein?
Legumes
The body needs how many amino acids?
20
How many amino acids synthesized inside and outside of the body?
12 inside, 8 cannot be synthesized
What happens if one amino acid is missing
ANy proteins that require amino acid cannot be produced
Complete protein contain
adequte amounts of the essential amino acids
Incomplete proteins do not contain
adequate amounts of esential amino acids. found in plant proteins
Negative nitrogen balance develops from
starvation
positive nitrogen balance develops in
growing children, pregnant women, or an athlete in training
Overweight BMI
25-30
What does Insulin do?
Hormone secreted by the pancreas after eating ; stimulates adipocytes to take up glucose
What does Leptin do?
Hormone secreted by adipocytes while eating. Suppress appetite
What does Neuropepetide do?
Neutrotransmitter secreted by the hypothalamus . Stimualates appetite
What does Grehlin do?
Secreted by stomach. Enhances appetite by causing secretion of neuropeptide y
Fat soluble vitamins
Vitamins A D E K
Water soluble vitamins
B vitamins and Vitmn C
B vitamins essential for normal cellular
metabolism
What are minerals?
Inorganic melements essential in metabolism. Usually extracted from teh soil by plants
Minerals most concentrated in
bones and teeth
Minerals composed parts of
the structural materials of all cells
Minerals roles in
muscle contraction , nerve impulse conduction, blood coagulation
