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A&P II > Chapter 16 PPT: Immunity > Flashcards

Chapter 16 PPT: Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Definition for Pathogens

A

Disease causing agents

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2
Q

Examples of pathogens?

A

Bacteria, viruses, complex microorganism like protozoa

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3
Q

What are innate defenses?

A

Nonspecific

General defenses.
Protect against many types of pathogens

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4
Q

What is Adaptive Defense?

A

Specific , known as immunity

More specific and precise. Carried out by lymphocytes that recognize certain foreign molecules

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5
Q

Types of Innate Defenses?

A 
Species Resistance
Mechanical Barriers
Inflammation
Chemical Barriers
Natural Killer Cells
Phagocytosis
Fever
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6
Q

What is Species Resistance?

A

Refers to the fact that certain species are resistant to diseases that affect other species

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7
Q

Species Resistance: Certain species do not have

A

the appropriate temperature or chemical environment for a particular pathogen to survive and proliferate

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8
Q

Mechanical Barrier considered to be the first

A

line of defense

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9
Q

Examples of Mechanical Barriers?

A

Epidermis Sloughs of, removes superiffical bacteri

Ciliated epithelium in respiratory tract traps and dsweeps away pathogens

Hair traps pathogens

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10
Q

Examples of Chemical Barriers?

A 
Enzymes
Interferons
Defensins
Collectins
Complement
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11
Q

Chemical Barriers: Enzymes…

A

in body fluids provide a chemical barrier to pathogens

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12
Q

Chemical Barriers: Example of Enzymes

A

Pepsin in gastric juuice and lysozyme in tears destroy microorganisms

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13
Q

Chemical Barriers: Interferons block

A

viral replication, act against growth of tumors, stimulate phagocytosis

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14
Q

Chemical Barriers: Defensins are

A

peptides produced by neutrophils and other granulocytes; they cripple microbes by making openings in cell membranes or walls

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15
Q

Chemical Barriers: Collectins are

A

proteins that protect against many bacteria, yeast, and some viruses

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16
Q

Chemical Barriers: Complement is a group of

A

proteins in plasma and other body fluids that stimulates inflammation, attracts phagocytes and enhances phagocytes

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17
Q

NK cells are a small population of

A

lymphocytes

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18
Q

NK cells are very different from

A

B CElls and T cells that provide adaptive defenses

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19
Q

NK Cells defend against

A

viruses and cancer cells by secreting cytolytic substances called perforins, that lyse celll membrane

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20
Q

NK cells also enhance

A

inflammation

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21
Q

Blood vessels dilate, cpaillary permeability increases and fluid leaks into tissue spaces results in

A

tissue become red, swollen, wamr and painful

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22
Q

White blood cells invade the region resulting in

A

Pus forming as white blood cells, bacterial cells, and cellular debris accumulate

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23
Q

Tissue fluids containing cloting factors seep into the area resulting in

A

a clot containing threads of fibrin may form

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24
Q

Fibroblasts arrive results in

A

connective tissue sac may form around the injured tisseus

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25
Q

Phagocytes are active resulting in

A

bacteria, dead cells, adn other debris are removed

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26
Q

Cells divide resulting in

A

newly formed cells replacing injured one

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27
Q

Phagocytosis: Removes

A

foreign particles from the lymph

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28
Q

Phagocytosis: In the blood vessels and the tissues of the spleen, liver ,or bone marrow remove

A

particles from blood

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29
Q

Phagocytosis: Most aactive phagocytic cells are

A

neutrophils and monocytes

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30
Q

Phagocytosis: Chemicals from damaged tissues attract

A

these phagocytic cells to the injury, this is called chemotaxis

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31
Q

Phagocytosis: Monocytes that leave the blood become

A

macrophages, which can be free or fixed in tissues

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32
Q

Mononuclear Phagocytic System consists of

A

monocytes and macrophages of the body

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33
Q

Fever begins when

A

viral or bacterial infection stiulates lymphocytes to proliferate, producing cells that secrete a substance called interleukin 1 (IL-1) which raises thermoregulatory set point

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34
Q

IL-1 is also called

A

endogenous pyrogen

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35
Q

Fever : Elevated body temperature indirectly inhibits

A

microbial growth

causes liver and spleel to take up iron, making it unavilable for bacteria and fungi to use in their nromal metabolism

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36
Q

Third line of defense is resistance to

A

particular pathogens or to their toxins or metabolic by products

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37
Q

Adaptive DEfense response based on

A

ability to distinguish molecules that are part of the body from “non-self”

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38
Q

Antigens are

A

non-self molecules that can elicit an immune response

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39
Q

Adaptive responses are carried out by

A

lymphocytes and macrophages that can recognize specific antigens

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40
Q

Two types of adaptive defenses?

A

CEllular Immune Response (Perofrmed by Immune Cells)

Humoral Immune REsponse (Performed by Antibodies)

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41
Q

Receptors on the surface of lymphocytes enable

A

the cells to recognize non-self antigens

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42
Q

Antigens may be

A

proteins

polysaccharides

Glycoproteins

Glycolipids

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43
Q

The most effective antigens are

A

large and complex molecules

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44
Q

Haptens are

A

small molecules that are not antigenic by themselves, but when they combine with large molecule in the body, they can evoke an immune repsonse

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45
Q

Red bone marrow releases

A

unspecialized lymphocytte precursors into blood

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46
Q

T Cells specialize in

A

thymus

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47
Q

After T Cells released from Thymus, make up

A

70-80% of circulating lymphocytes

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48
Q

Some T cells settle in

A

lymphatic organs, such as lymph nodes, thoracic duct, white pulp on spleen

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49
Q

After B cells released from bone marrow, make up

A

20-30% of lymphoctes in blood

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50
Q

B cells abundant in

A

lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, intestinal lining

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51
Q

Step one in lymphocyte origin

A

Stem cells in red bone marrow give rise to lymphocyte precursors

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52
Q

Step 2 in lymphocyte origin

A

Some lymphocyte precursors are processed in the thymus to become T cells

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53
Q

Step 3 in lymphocyte origin

A

Some lymphocyte precursors are processed within the bone marrow to become b cells

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54
Q

Step four in lymphocyte origin

A

Both T cells and B cells are transported though the blood to lymphatic organs such as lymph nodes and spleen

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55
Q

Origin of T Cells

A

Red bone marrow

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56
Q

Origin of B Cells

A

Red Bone Marrow

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57
Q

Site of differentiation of T Cells

A

Thymus

58
Q

Site of differentiation of B Cells

A

Red bone marrow

59
Q

Primary Locations of T Cells

A

Lymphatic tisssues

70-80% of the circulating lymphocytes in blood

60
Q

Primary Locations of B Cells

A

Lymphatic Tissues

20-30% of the circulating lymphocytes in blood

61
Q

Primary function of T Cells

A

Provide cellular immune response in which T Cells interact directly with the antigens or antigen bearing agents, to destroy them

62
Q

Primary function of B Cells

A

Provide humoral immune response in which B cells interact indirectly, producing antibodies that destroy the antigens or antigen-bearing agents

63
Q

A lymphocyte must be activated before

A

it can respond to an antien

64
Q

T Cell activation requires that

A

antigenic fagments be attached to anti-gen presenting cell (APC) such as macrophages, b cells, and several other types

65
Q

T Cells can secrete polypeptides called

A

cytokines, which enhance some cellular responses to antigens

66
Q

What are Helper T Cells

A

Activate other cells; help B cells produce antibodies

67
Q

What are Cytotoxic T Cells

A

Attack virally-infected or cancerous cells

68
Q

What are Memory T Cells

A

Provide future immune protection

69
Q

What are four different cytokines

A

Colony-Stimulating Factors

Interferons

Interleukins

Tumor Necrosis Factor

70
Q

Function of Colony-Stimulating Factors

A

Stimulate bone marrow to produce lymphocytes

71
Q

Function of Interferons

A

Bloc viral replication, stimulate macrophages to engulf viruses, stimulate B cells to produce antibodies, attack cancer cells

72
Q

Function of Interleukins

A

Conrol lymphocyte differentiation and proliferation

73
Q

Function of Tumor Neecrosis Factor

A

Stops tumor growth, releases growth factors, causes fever that accompanies bacterial infection, stimulation lymphocyte differentiation

74
Q

B cells can be activated when

A

an antigen fits the shape of their receptors, and binds to them

75
Q

Further B Cell activation requires

A

cytokines from T Cells

76
Q

Once proper cytokines are released from Helper T Cells, B Cells respond by

A

proliferating, enlarging clone of identical cells

77
Q

Some new B cells become

A

memory B cells, which provide future immunity

78
Q

Other new B cells differentiate into

A

plasma cells, which produce and secree large globular proteins called antibodies or immunoglobulins

79
Q

B cell prolifertion both

A

dormant memory B cells and antibody-secreting plasma cells

80
Q

B Cell Activities: Step 1

A

Antigen-bearing agents enter tisseus

81
Q

B Cell Activities: Step 2

A

B cell encounters an antigen that fits its antigen receptors

82
Q

B Cell Activities: Step 3

A

Either alone or more often in conjuction with helper T cells, the B cell is activated. The B cell proliferates, enlaring its clone

83
Q

B Cell Activities: Step 4

A

Some of the newly formed B cells differentiate further to become plasma cells

84
Q

B Cell Activities: Step 5

A

Plasma cells synthesize and secrete antibodies whose molecular structure is similar to the activated B Cells antigen receptors

85
Q

T Cell Activites: Step 1

A

Antigen-bearing agents enter tisseus

86
Q

T Cell Activites: Step 2

A

An accessory cell, such as a macrophage, phagocytizes the antigen-bearing agent, and the macrophages lysosomes digest the agent

87
Q

T Cell Activites: Step 3

A

Antigens from the digested antigen-bearing agents are displayed on the membrane of the accessory cell

88
Q

T Cell Activites: Step 4

A

Helper T cell becomes activated when it encounters a displayed antigen that fits its antigen receptors

89
Q

T Cell Activites: Step 5

A

Activated helper T cell releases cytokines when it encounters a B cell that has previously combined with an identical antigen-bearing agent

90
Q

T Cell Activites: Step 6

A

Cytokines stimulate the B cell to proliferate , enlarging its clone

91
Q

T Cell Activites: Step 7

A

Some of the newly forme dB cells give rise ot cells that differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells

92
Q

Antibodies are what type of protein

A

globular

93
Q

Antibodies make up the

A

gamma globulin fraction of plasma proteins

94
Q

Antibodies also called

A

immunoglobulins

95
Q

Y shaped proteins composed of

A

4 amino acid chains : 2 heavy and 2 light chains

96
Q

Each type of antibodies has a

A

unique amino acid sequence and conformation, making it specific for its antigen

97
Q

What are the five major types of antibodies

A 
IgG  (80%)
IgA (13%)
IgM (6%)
IgD (<1%)
IgE (<1%)
98
Q

IgG occurence

A

Plasma and tissue fluid

99
Q

IgG major function

A

Defends against bacteria, viruses and toxins

Activates complement

100
Q

IgA occurence

A

Exocrine gland secretions

101
Q

IgA major functions

A

defends against bacteria and viruses

102
Q

IgM occurrence

A

plasma

103
Q

IgM major functions

A

Reacts with antigens on some red blood cell membranes floowing mismatched blood transfusions ; activated complement

104
Q

IgD occurence

A

Surface of most B lymphocytes

105
Q

IgD major functions

A

B Cell activation

106
Q

IgE occurrence

A

Exocrine gland secretions

107
Q

IgE major functions

A

promotes inflammation and allergic responses

108
Q

Antibodies react to antigens in what 3 ways

A

Direct attack on antigens

Activation of complement

Stimulation of local change, inflammation, to help prevent spread of infection

109
Q

Immunotherapy makes use of

A

immune system components to fight disease (both the humoral immune response by antibodides and the cellular immune response by cytokines)

110
Q

What are Monoclonal Antibodies?

A

A specific B Cell which produces a single type of antibody that can be fused with a cancerous cell to produce a cell that produces 1 type of antibody and keep dividing

111
Q

What are Cytokines used for in Immunotherapy

A

Can now be produced in large quantities due to recombinant DNA and monoclonal antibody techniques

112
Q

What is the Primary Immune REsponse?

A

Produced by first encounter with antigen.

First antibodies apper in 5-10 days and remain for several weeks. Memory B cells are also produced

113
Q

What is the SEcondayr Immune Response

A

Subsequent exposure to antigen produces high concentraction of antibodies in 1-2 days. Antibodies remain for m onths or years.

Memory b can live for many years

114
Q

What is a Type 1 reaction?

A

Overproduction of IgE antibodies (Hay Fever)

115
Q

What is a Type II Reaction?

A

Phagocytosis and complement mediated lysis of antigen

Mismatched blood transfusion

116
Q

What is a Type III Reaction

A

Phagocytosis and lysis cannot clear antigen-antibody complexes

Autoimmunity

117
Q

What is a Type IV reaction

A

T cells and macrophages release chemical factors into the skin

Dermatitis

118
Q

What is eleased in a Type I reaction?

A

Histamine

119
Q

Symptoms of Type I reaction?

A

Hives, Hay Fever, Asthma, Eczema, Gastric Disturbances

120
Q

In a Transplant, it is important to match what?

A

MHC antigens between donor and recipient; the greater the antigenic difference, the stronger and faster the rejection will be

121
Q

What are the four types of transplant

A

Isograft
Autograft
Allograft
Xenograft

122
Q

What is a Isograft donor

A

Identical twin

123
Q

Isograft example

A

Bone marrow transplant from a healthy twin to a twin who has leukemia

124
Q

What is a autograft donor

A

self

125
Q

what is a autograft example

A

skin graft from one part o fthe body to replace burnt skin

126
Q

what is a allograft donor

A

same species

127
Q

what is a allograft example

A

kidney transplant from a relative or closely matched donor

128
Q

what is a xenograft donor

A

different speices

129
Q

what is a xenograft example

A

heart valves from a pig

130
Q

what would not cause rejection reaction

A

isograft or autograft

131
Q

what would tend to cause a rejection reaction

A

allografts and xenografts

132
Q

What antibodies are produced in autoimmunity?

A

Autoantibodies. Its an attack by the immune system against own tissues

133
Q

What immune part shrinks as you grow older

A

thymus gland

134
Q

T cell and B cells as you get older?

A

T cells decrease slightly and b cells do not change

135
Q

IgA and IgG as you get older?

A

antibodies increase

136
Q

IgM and IgE as you get older?

A

Antibodies decrease

137
Q

What is HIV?

A

Virus that breaks down immune system function

138
Q

HIV may stay silent for years and then progress to

A

AIDS (Acquired immune deficiency syndrome)

139
Q

HIV attacks

A

macophages and helpter T cells

140
Q

When Helpter T Cell number decline, B cells cannot

A

produce antibodies, due to lack of cytokine activation

A&P II (10 decks)

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