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A&P II > Chapter 14 PPT: Blood > Flashcards

Chapter 14 PPT: Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Blood is a type of

A

connective tissue suspended in liquid matrix

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2
Q

Blood distributes

A

heat

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3
Q

BLood is what percentage of body weight?

A

8%

4-5 L in Females

5-6 L In Males

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4
Q

Blood Cells consist of what formed elements?

A

RBCs
WBCs
Platelets

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5
Q

What does a blood sample look like?

A

Plasma on Top
Buffy Coat (WBCs and PLatelets in middle)
Red Blood Cells on bottom

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6
Q

% Plasma in blood?

A

55

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7
Q

% WBC in blood?

A

WBCs

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8
Q

% WBCs and Platelets in Blood?

A

<1%

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9
Q

Percentage of RBCs is called the

A

Hematocrit (HCT) or Packed Cell Volume (PCV)

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10
Q

What are universal precautions?

A

Set of specific safety measures taken by healthcare workers to prevent transmission of bloodborne infectious pathogens in the workplace

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11
Q

What is Hematopoiesis?

A

Formation of blood cells

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12
Q

Blood cells originate in

A

red marrow from hemocytoblasts or hematopoietic stem cells

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13
Q

Stem cells are able to do what?

A

Give rise ot more stem cells

Give rise to more specialized or differentiated cells

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14
Q

What do Lymphoid Stem cells do?

A

Give rise to lymphocytes

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15
Q

What do Myeloid Stem cells do?

A

Give rise to all other types of formed elements: red blood cells, other types of white blood cells

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16
Q

RBCs are also called

A

Erythrocytes

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17
Q

How much of a red blood cell is oxygen?

A

1/3 is hemoglobin

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18
Q

Red blood cells lack

A

nuclei and mitochondria

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19
Q

Red blood cells cannot

A

divide

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20
Q

red blood cells can

A

produce atp through glycolysis

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21
Q

RBC range in males?

A

4.7-6.1

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22
Q

RBC range in females

A

4.2 - 5.4

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23
Q

RBC range in children

A

4.5-5.1

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24
Q

What is Erythropoiesis

A

RBC formation

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25
Q

Erythropoiesis occurs in

A

red bone marrow

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26
Q

Erythropoiesis: Low blood O2 causes kidney adn liver to release

A

EPO (erythropoietin) which stimulates RBC production

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27
Q

Erythropoiesis: order

A

HEmocytoblast –>Erythoblasts –> Retinculocytes –> Erythrocytes

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28
Q

Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid required for

A

DNA synthesis, necessary for growth and divison of cells

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29
Q

Iron required for

A

hemoglobin synthesis

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30
Q

Vitamin B12 absorbed from

A

small intestine

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31
Q

Iron absorbed from

A

small intestine

conserved during rbc destruction and made available for resuse

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32
Q

Folic Acid source

A

small intestine

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33
Q

folic acid funciton

A

dna synthesis

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34
Q

What is Anemia?

A

Condition in whihc the O2 carrying capacity of the blood is reduced, due to deficiency of RBCs or hemoglobin

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35
Q

What does Aplastic anemia do?

A

Damage bone marrow

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36
Q

What does Hemolytic anema do?

A

REd blood cells destroyed

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37
Q

What does Iron Deficiency Anemia do?

A

Hemoglobin deficient

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38
Q

What does Pernicious Anemia do?

A

Excess of large, fragile cells

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39
Q

What does Sickle Cell Disease do

A

Red blood cells abnormally shaped

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40
Q

What does Thalassemia do?

A

Hemoglobin deficient; red blood cells short lived

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41
Q

What do WBCs do?

A

Protect against disease

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42
Q

WBCs produced in

A

red bone marrow, under control of hormones: interleukins and colony-stimulating factors

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43
Q

What are granulocytes?

A

Have granular cytoplasm, and short life span

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44
Q

What falls under GRanulocytes?

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Baseophils

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45
Q

What are Agranulocytes?

A

Do not have noticeable granules

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46
Q

What falls under Agranulocytes?

A

Lymphocytes and Monocytes

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47
Q

What do Neutrophils look like?

A

Small, light purple granules.

Lobed Nucleus 2-5 sections

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48
Q

Neutrophils are the first to arrive at

A

infection sites

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49
Q

Neutrophils are what percentage of leukocytes?

A

54-62%

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50
Q

Neutrophils are elevated in

A

bacterial infections

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51
Q

Eosinophil appearance?

A

Coarse granules , stain deep red

Bi-lobed nucleus

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52
Q

Eosinophils appear in

A

moderate allergic reactions

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53
Q

Eosinophils defend against

A

parasitic worm infections

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54
Q

Eosinophils make up

A

1-3% of leukocytes

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55
Q

Eosinophils elevated in

A

parasitic worm infestations and allergic reactions

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56
Q

Basophils appear as

A

Large graules; stain deep blue.

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57
Q

Basophils release

A

histamine to stimulate inflammation

Release heparin to stop blodo from clotting

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58
Q

Percentage of basophils?

A

> 1% of leukocytes

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59
Q

What are monocytes?

A

Largest of WBCs

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60
Q

Monocytes leave bloodstream to become

A

macrophages

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61
Q

Percentage of Monocytes?

A

3-9%

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62
Q

Monocytes live fro

A

weeks to months

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63
Q

Monocytes phagocytize

A

bacteria, dead cells, debris

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64
Q

Lymphocyte size?

A

Slightly larger than RBCs, smallest WBC

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65
Q

Major types of Lymphocytes?

A

T Cells and B cells

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66
Q

T Cells directly attack

A

pathognes, tumor cells

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67
Q

B Cells produce

A

antibodies

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68
Q

Percentage of Leukocytes?

A

25-33%

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69
Q

Lymphocytes may live for

A

years

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70
Q

What is Diapedesis?

A

WBCs can squeeze between the cells of a capillary wall and leave blood vessel; then migrate toward infection site

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71
Q

What is Cellular Adhesion Molecules?

A

Protections that direct leukocytes to injury sites

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72
Q

What is Phagocytosis?

A

Engulfing and digestion of pathognes; neutrophils and monocytes are most mobile and active phagocyes

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73
Q

What is the Inflammatory Response

A

Reaction that restricts spread of infection;

Promoted by basophils, by secretion of heparin and histamine ;

Involves welling and increased capilalry permeability

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74
Q

What is Positive Chemotaxis?

A

Attention ofWBCs to an infection site by chemicals released by damaged cells

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75
Q

Neutrophils respond to a bacterial invasion by

A

accumulating in the infection site, and destroying the pathogens by phagocytosis

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76
Q

WBC count is usually

A

3.5 - 10.5

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77
Q

WBC count in Leukocytosis?

A

> 10.5

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78
Q

What is Leukocytosis?

A

Acute infections, vigorous exercise, great loss of body fluid

79
Q

What is Leukopenia

A

Typhoid fever, flu, measles, mumps

Low WBC count

80
Q

WBC count in Leukopenia?

A

<3.5

81
Q

What increase during a bacterial infection?

A

Neutrophils

82
Q

What decreases in HIV infection?

A

Helper T Cells

83
Q

Elevated lymphocyte results in what illness

A

Hair Cell Leukemia

Whooping COugh

84
Q

Elevated Eosinophils results in

A

Tapeworm

Allergic Reaction

85
Q

Elevated Monocytes result in

A

Typhoid fever

Malaria

TB

86
Q

Elevated Neutrophils results in

A

Bacerial Infections

87
Q

Too many helper T Cells results in

A

AIDS

88
Q

What is Leukemia?

A

CAncer of white blood cells

89
Q

What is Lymphoid Leukemia?

A

Cancer of lymphocytes produced in lymph nodes

90
Q

What is Myeloid Leukemia?

A

Cancer of granulocytes produced in red bone marrow

91
Q

Symptoms of Leukemia?

A 
Excess number of WBCS
Fatigue
Headache
Nosebleeds
Fever
92
Q

Treatment for Leukemia?

A

Traditional Cancer Treatments

Drugs hat target enzymes specific to cancer cells

Bone marrow or stem cell transplants

93
Q

What are platelets (thrombocytes?)

A

Cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes (stem cells in red bone marrow)

94
Q

Platelets produced by

A

hemocytoblasts in response to the hormone, hrombopoietin

95
Q

Plaelets order?

A

Hemocytoblast –> Megakaryocyte –> Thrombocytes

96
Q

Normal Platelet count level?

A

1.5 - 3.0

97
Q

PLatelets help in what?

A

Hemostasis (stoppage of bleeding) in damaged blood vessels, by sticking to broken surfaces

98
Q

Platelets release what?

A

Serotonin, which causes smooth muscles in walsl of broken blood vessels to contract

99
Q

What is blood plasma?

A

Liquid portion of blood. 55% of blood volume and 92% water

100
Q

Plasma contains

A

organic and inorganic chemicals

101
Q

Blood PLasma ransports

A

nutrients, gases, hromones, and vitamins

102
Q

Blood plasma helps regulate

A

fluid and electrolyte balance and maintain ph

103
Q

Plasma proteins are the most abdundant

A

dissolved substances in plasma

104
Q

Albumins percentage of protein?

A

60%

105
Q

Albumin plasma origin?

A

Liver

106
Q

Albumin plasma protein function

A

Help maintain colloid osmotic pressure

107
Q

Most important blood gases?

A

Oxygen and CO2

108
Q

What are some PLasma Nutrients?

A

AMino Acids
Simple Sugar
Nucleotides
Lipids (Fats, Phosspholipids, Cholesterol)

109
Q

What does NPNs stand for?

A

Nonprotein Nitrogenous Substances

110
Q

What are NPNs

A

Molecules that contain nitrogen, but are not protein

111
Q

In plasma, NPNs include

A 
Urea
Uric Acid
Amino Acid
Creatine
Creatinine
BUN
112
Q

NPNs: Urea is the

A

product of protein catabolism; about 50% of NPNs

113
Q

NPNs: Uric Acid is the

A

product of nucleic acid catabolism

114
Q

NPNs: Amino acids product f

A

protein digestion

115
Q

NPNs: Creatine stores

A

energy in phosphate bonds; regerates ATP in muscles

116
Q

NPNs: Creatinine product of

A

creatine metabolism

117
Q

NPNs: BUN indicates

A

health of kidney (if level is too high, this indicates that hte kidney is not excreating urea in normal quantity)

118
Q

Plasma contains ions called

A

electrolytes, since they ionize in water and can conduct electricity

119
Q

Electrolytes are absorbed from

A

the intestine or released as by-products of cellular metabolism

120
Q

What Electrolytes found in blood plasma?

A 
Sodium, 
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Chloride
Bicarbonate
Phosphate
Sulfate
121
Q

What are the most abdundant electrolytes?

A

Sodium and Chloride

122
Q

Hemostasis refers to

A

the stoppage of bleeding

123
Q

Actions that limit or prevent blood loss include

A

Blood Vessel (Vascular) Spasm
Platelet PLug Formation
Blood Coagulation

124
Q

Vascular Spasm stimulated by

A

cutting or breaking a small blood vessel

125
Q

Vascular Spasm: Smooth muscle in blood vessel contracts

A

rapidly

126
Q

Vascular Spasm: Slows blood loss

A

very quickly, and ends of vessel may close completely

127
Q

Vascular Spasm: Triggered by

A

stimulation of the blood vessel wall, painr eceptor reflexes

128
Q

Vascular Spasm: Response lasts

A

a few minutes, but effect continues for 30 minutes

129
Q

Vascular Spasm: This allows time for a platelet plug to form and blood to

A

coagulate

130
Q

Vascular Spasm: Serotonin released from platelets causes

A

vasoconstriction which further helps to reduce blood loss

131
Q

PLatelet Plug Formation triggered by

A

exposure of platelets to collagen. Platelets adhere to rough surface to form a plug

132
Q

Blood Coagulation: Most effective

A

hemostatic mechanism, occurs within 5 to 15 minutes

133
Q

Blood Coagulation: Form blood clot in series of reactions, in which eact step

A

activates next one. This is called a cascade

134
Q

Blood Coagulation: Activated by two different methods:

A

Extrinsic or Intrinsic clotting mechanism

135
Q

Blood Coagulation: Many chemicals used in coagulation are called

A

clotting factors

136
Q

Blood Coagulation: Vitamin K necessary for functioning of some of the

A

clotting factors

137
Q

Blood Coagulation: Coagulation depends on balance between

A

procoagulants and anticoagulants

138
Q

Blood Coagulation: MAjor event is conversion of

A

soluble fibrinogen to insoluble threads of fibrin, which traps blood cells

139
Q

Extrinsic Clotting Mechanism: Triggered by

A

blood coming in contact with tissues outside of blood vessels or damaged wall of blodo vessel

140
Q

Extrinsic Clotting Mechanism: Damaged tissues release

A

tissue thromboplastin (factor iii) which is not found in blood

141
Q

Extrinsic Clotting Mechanism: Cascade begins, involving

A

sequential activation of several clotting factors

142
Q

Extrinsic Clotting Mechanism: thrombin converts

A

fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin threads

143
Q

Extrinsic Clotting Mechanism: Fibrin threads stick to

A

damaged blood vessel surfaces, and trap blood cells and platelets. This mass is a blood clot

144
Q

Intrinsic Clotting Mechanism: can start without

A

tissue damage

145
Q

Intrinsic Clotting Mechanism: Activated when

A

blood comes in contact with foreign surface, such as collagen, in connective tissue, instead of endothelium of blood vessel wall

146
Q

Intrinsic Clotting Mechanism: Triggered by

A

Hageman Factor XII (found inside blood)

147
Q

Intrinsic Clotting Mechanism: As in extrinsic clotting mechanism, this begins

A

sequential activation of several clotting factors

148
Q

Intrinsic Clotting Mechanism: Results in the same way as

A

exrinsic clotting mechanism, with formation of a fibrin mesh and a blood clot

149
Q

After a blood clot forms, it

A

retracts and pulls the edges of a broken blood vessel together while squeexing serum from the clot

150
Q

Serum =

A

plasma minus fibrinogen and most clotting factors

151
Q

Platelet-derived growth factor stimulates

A

smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts to repair damaged blood vessel walls

152
Q

Plasmin digests

A

fibrin threads, and dissolves the blood clot

153
Q

A thrombus is an

A

abnormal blood clot that forms in a blood vessel

154
Q

An embolus is a

A

blood clot moving through the blood vessels

155
Q

Thrombosis is a

A

blood clot in a vessel supply a vital organ

156
Q

Infarction is the

A

death of tissues which have blocked blood vessels due to blood clot formaiton

157
Q

Embolism is when a

A

blood clot that travels, and then blocks a blood vessel in an organ

158
Q

Atherosclerosis is the

A

accumulation of fat in arterial linings can sometimes cause abnormal clot formation; a common form of thrombosis

159
Q

Deep Vein Thrombosis is

A

a clot formation due to pooling of stagnat blood, mainly in femoral or popliteal veins, or deep veins

160
Q

Serious complication of DVT is a

A

pulmonary embolism

161
Q

what is a pulmonary embolism?

A

A blood clot travels through circulation, and lodges in a pulmonary blood vessel, resulting in loss of function in affected portion of lung

162
Q

Syptoms of DVT

A

Deep Muscle Pain
Cramping
Redness
Swelling

163
Q

As a clot forms, what happens?

A

Fibrin absorms thrombin and prevents the clotting reaction from spreading

164
Q

Prevention of Coagulation: Antithrombin inactivates

A

additional thrombin by binding it to and blocking its actions on fibrinogen

165
Q

Factors that Inhibit Blood Clot Formation: Smooth lining of blood vessel action

A

Prevent activation of intrinsic blood clotting mechanism

166
Q

Factors that Inhibit Blood Clot Formation: Prostacyclin Action

A

Inhibits adherence of platelets to blood vessel wall

167
Q

Factors that Inhibit Blood Clot Formation: Fibrin threads action

A

absorbs thrombin

168
Q

Factors that Inhibit Blood Clot Formation: Antithrombin in plasma action

A

Interferes with the action of thrombin

169
Q

Factors that Inhibit Blood Clot Formation: Heparin from mast cells and basophils action

A

Interfers with the formation of prothrombin activator

170
Q

Blood types are distinguished by

A

proteins on the surface of red blood cells, and these can be determined by the proteins or byy the genes that encode them

171
Q

What is a Antigen?

A

Any molecule that envokes an immune response

172
Q

If immune systme finds a foreign antigen in the body, it produces

A

antibodies against the antigen

173
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Proteins that react against a specific antigen

174
Q

What is Agglutination?

A

Clumping of RBCs which occurs when an antibody encounters its specific antigen

175
Q

ABO blood group is based on

A

the presence of two major antigens on red blood cell membranes: Antigen A and Antigen B

176
Q

Antigens A and B are

A

carbohydrates

177
Q

Blood Type A Antigen

A

A

178
Q

Blood Type B Antigen

A

B

179
Q

Blood Type AB Antigen

A

A and B

180
Q

Blood Type O Antigen

A

Neither A or B

181
Q

Blood Type A Antibody

A

Anti-B

182
Q

BLood Type B Antibody

A

Anti-A

183
Q

Blood Type AB Antibody

A

Neither Anti-A nor Anti-B

184
Q

Blood Type O Antibody

A

Both Anti-A and Anti-B

185
Q

What is Aglutination?

A

When RBCs come in contact with antibodies against them, they will agglutinate (clump together)

186
Q

What is the Universal Donor?

A

Type O

187
Q

Type O lacks

A

A and B Antigens so they can be donated to a person with ny blood type

188
Q

What is the Universal Recipient?

A

Type AB

189
Q

Type AB lacks both

A

Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies so an indvidual with type AB can receive donor RBCs of any type

190
Q

RH blood group was named for the

A

rhesus monkey

191
Q

RH group includes several antigens or factors, but most importtant one is

A

Antigen A

192
Q

RH postiive is the

A

presence of Antigen D or other Rh antigens on RBC membranes

193
Q

RH negative does not

A

have Rh antigens on RBCmembranes

194
Q

Anti-RH antibodies form only in

A

Rh-Negative individuals in response to the presence of red blood cells with Rh antigens

A&P II (10 decks)

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