Chapter 14 PPT: Blood Flashcards
Blood is a type of
connective tissue suspended in liquid matrix
Blood distributes
heat
BLood is what percentage of body weight?
8%
4-5 L in Females
5-6 L In Males
Blood Cells consist of what formed elements?
RBCs
WBCs
Platelets
What does a blood sample look like?
Plasma on Top
Buffy Coat (WBCs and PLatelets in middle)
Red Blood Cells on bottom
% Plasma in blood?
55
% WBC in blood?
WBCs
% WBCs and Platelets in Blood?
<1%
Percentage of RBCs is called the
Hematocrit (HCT) or Packed Cell Volume (PCV)
What are universal precautions?
Set of specific safety measures taken by healthcare workers to prevent transmission of bloodborne infectious pathogens in the workplace
What is Hematopoiesis?
Formation of blood cells
Blood cells originate in
red marrow from hemocytoblasts or hematopoietic stem cells
Stem cells are able to do what?
Give rise ot more stem cells
Give rise to more specialized or differentiated cells
What do Lymphoid Stem cells do?
Give rise to lymphocytes
What do Myeloid Stem cells do?
Give rise to all other types of formed elements: red blood cells, other types of white blood cells
RBCs are also called
Erythrocytes
How much of a red blood cell is oxygen?
1/3 is hemoglobin
Red blood cells lack
nuclei and mitochondria
Red blood cells cannot
divide
red blood cells can
produce atp through glycolysis
RBC range in males?
4.7-6.1
RBC range in females
4.2 - 5.4
RBC range in children
4.5-5.1
What is Erythropoiesis
RBC formation
Erythropoiesis occurs in
red bone marrow
Erythropoiesis: Low blood O2 causes kidney adn liver to release
EPO (erythropoietin) which stimulates RBC production
Erythropoiesis: order
HEmocytoblast –>Erythoblasts –> Retinculocytes –> Erythrocytes
Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid required for
DNA synthesis, necessary for growth and divison of cells
Iron required for
hemoglobin synthesis
Vitamin B12 absorbed from
small intestine
Iron absorbed from
small intestine
conserved during rbc destruction and made available for resuse
Folic Acid source
small intestine
folic acid funciton
dna synthesis
What is Anemia?
Condition in whihc the O2 carrying capacity of the blood is reduced, due to deficiency of RBCs or hemoglobin
What does Aplastic anemia do?
Damage bone marrow
What does Hemolytic anema do?
REd blood cells destroyed
What does Iron Deficiency Anemia do?
Hemoglobin deficient
What does Pernicious Anemia do?
Excess of large, fragile cells
What does Sickle Cell Disease do
Red blood cells abnormally shaped
What does Thalassemia do?
Hemoglobin deficient; red blood cells short lived
What do WBCs do?
Protect against disease
WBCs produced in
red bone marrow, under control of hormones: interleukins and colony-stimulating factors
What are granulocytes?
Have granular cytoplasm, and short life span
What falls under GRanulocytes?
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Baseophils
What are Agranulocytes?
Do not have noticeable granules
What falls under Agranulocytes?
Lymphocytes and Monocytes
What do Neutrophils look like?
Small, light purple granules.
Lobed Nucleus 2-5 sections
Neutrophils are the first to arrive at
infection sites
Neutrophils are what percentage of leukocytes?
54-62%
Neutrophils are elevated in
bacterial infections
Eosinophil appearance?
Coarse granules , stain deep red
Bi-lobed nucleus
Eosinophils appear in
moderate allergic reactions
Eosinophils defend against
parasitic worm infections
Eosinophils make up
1-3% of leukocytes
Eosinophils elevated in
parasitic worm infestations and allergic reactions
Basophils appear as
Large graules; stain deep blue.
Basophils release
histamine to stimulate inflammation
Release heparin to stop blodo from clotting
Percentage of basophils?
> 1% of leukocytes
What are monocytes?
Largest of WBCs
Monocytes leave bloodstream to become
macrophages
Percentage of Monocytes?
3-9%
Monocytes live fro
weeks to months
Monocytes phagocytize
bacteria, dead cells, debris
Lymphocyte size?
Slightly larger than RBCs, smallest WBC
Major types of Lymphocytes?
T Cells and B cells
T Cells directly attack
pathognes, tumor cells
B Cells produce
antibodies
Percentage of Leukocytes?
25-33%
Lymphocytes may live for
years
What is Diapedesis?
WBCs can squeeze between the cells of a capillary wall and leave blood vessel; then migrate toward infection site
What is Cellular Adhesion Molecules?
Protections that direct leukocytes to injury sites
What is Phagocytosis?
Engulfing and digestion of pathognes; neutrophils and monocytes are most mobile and active phagocyes
What is the Inflammatory Response
Reaction that restricts spread of infection;
Promoted by basophils, by secretion of heparin and histamine ;
Involves welling and increased capilalry permeability
What is Positive Chemotaxis?
Attention ofWBCs to an infection site by chemicals released by damaged cells
Neutrophils respond to a bacterial invasion by
accumulating in the infection site, and destroying the pathogens by phagocytosis
WBC count is usually
3.5 - 10.5
WBC count in Leukocytosis?
> 10.5
What is Leukocytosis?
Acute infections, vigorous exercise, great loss of body fluid
What is Leukopenia
Typhoid fever, flu, measles, mumps
Low WBC count
WBC count in Leukopenia?
<3.5
What increase during a bacterial infection?
Neutrophils
What decreases in HIV infection?
Helper T Cells
Elevated lymphocyte results in what illness
Hair Cell Leukemia
Whooping COugh
Elevated Eosinophils results in
Tapeworm
Allergic Reaction
Elevated Monocytes result in
Typhoid fever
Malaria
TB
Elevated Neutrophils results in
Bacerial Infections
Too many helper T Cells results in
AIDS
What is Leukemia?
CAncer of white blood cells
What is Lymphoid Leukemia?
Cancer of lymphocytes produced in lymph nodes
What is Myeloid Leukemia?
Cancer of granulocytes produced in red bone marrow
Symptoms of Leukemia?
Excess number of WBCS Fatigue Headache Nosebleeds Fever
Treatment for Leukemia?
Traditional Cancer Treatments
Drugs hat target enzymes specific to cancer cells
Bone marrow or stem cell transplants
What are platelets (thrombocytes?)
Cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes (stem cells in red bone marrow)
Platelets produced by
hemocytoblasts in response to the hormone, hrombopoietin
Plaelets order?
Hemocytoblast –> Megakaryocyte –> Thrombocytes
Normal Platelet count level?
1.5 - 3.0
PLatelets help in what?
Hemostasis (stoppage of bleeding) in damaged blood vessels, by sticking to broken surfaces
Platelets release what?
Serotonin, which causes smooth muscles in walsl of broken blood vessels to contract
What is blood plasma?
Liquid portion of blood. 55% of blood volume and 92% water
Plasma contains
organic and inorganic chemicals
Blood PLasma ransports
nutrients, gases, hromones, and vitamins
Blood plasma helps regulate
fluid and electrolyte balance and maintain ph
Plasma proteins are the most abdundant
dissolved substances in plasma
Albumins percentage of protein?
60%
Albumin plasma origin?
Liver
Albumin plasma protein function
Help maintain colloid osmotic pressure
Most important blood gases?
Oxygen and CO2
What are some PLasma Nutrients?
AMino Acids
Simple Sugar
Nucleotides
Lipids (Fats, Phosspholipids, Cholesterol)
What does NPNs stand for?
Nonprotein Nitrogenous Substances
What are NPNs
Molecules that contain nitrogen, but are not protein
In plasma, NPNs include
Urea Uric Acid Amino Acid Creatine Creatinine BUN
NPNs: Urea is the
product of protein catabolism; about 50% of NPNs
NPNs: Uric Acid is the
product of nucleic acid catabolism
NPNs: Amino acids product f
protein digestion
NPNs: Creatine stores
energy in phosphate bonds; regerates ATP in muscles
NPNs: Creatinine product of
creatine metabolism
NPNs: BUN indicates
health of kidney (if level is too high, this indicates that hte kidney is not excreating urea in normal quantity)
Plasma contains ions called
electrolytes, since they ionize in water and can conduct electricity
Electrolytes are absorbed from
the intestine or released as by-products of cellular metabolism
What Electrolytes found in blood plasma?
Sodium, Potassium Calcium Magnesium Chloride Bicarbonate Phosphate Sulfate
What are the most abdundant electrolytes?
Sodium and Chloride
Hemostasis refers to
the stoppage of bleeding
Actions that limit or prevent blood loss include
Blood Vessel (Vascular) Spasm
Platelet PLug Formation
Blood Coagulation
Vascular Spasm stimulated by
cutting or breaking a small blood vessel
Vascular Spasm: Smooth muscle in blood vessel contracts
rapidly
Vascular Spasm: Slows blood loss
very quickly, and ends of vessel may close completely
Vascular Spasm: Triggered by
stimulation of the blood vessel wall, painr eceptor reflexes
Vascular Spasm: Response lasts
a few minutes, but effect continues for 30 minutes
Vascular Spasm: This allows time for a platelet plug to form and blood to
coagulate
Vascular Spasm: Serotonin released from platelets causes
vasoconstriction which further helps to reduce blood loss
PLatelet Plug Formation triggered by
exposure of platelets to collagen. Platelets adhere to rough surface to form a plug
Blood Coagulation: Most effective
hemostatic mechanism, occurs within 5 to 15 minutes
Blood Coagulation: Form blood clot in series of reactions, in which eact step
activates next one. This is called a cascade
Blood Coagulation: Activated by two different methods:
Extrinsic or Intrinsic clotting mechanism
Blood Coagulation: Many chemicals used in coagulation are called
clotting factors
Blood Coagulation: Vitamin K necessary for functioning of some of the
clotting factors
Blood Coagulation: Coagulation depends on balance between
procoagulants and anticoagulants
Blood Coagulation: MAjor event is conversion of
soluble fibrinogen to insoluble threads of fibrin, which traps blood cells
Extrinsic Clotting Mechanism: Triggered by
blood coming in contact with tissues outside of blood vessels or damaged wall of blodo vessel
Extrinsic Clotting Mechanism: Damaged tissues release
tissue thromboplastin (factor iii) which is not found in blood
Extrinsic Clotting Mechanism: Cascade begins, involving
sequential activation of several clotting factors
Extrinsic Clotting Mechanism: thrombin converts
fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin threads
Extrinsic Clotting Mechanism: Fibrin threads stick to
damaged blood vessel surfaces, and trap blood cells and platelets. This mass is a blood clot
Intrinsic Clotting Mechanism: can start without
tissue damage
Intrinsic Clotting Mechanism: Activated when
blood comes in contact with foreign surface, such as collagen, in connective tissue, instead of endothelium of blood vessel wall
Intrinsic Clotting Mechanism: Triggered by
Hageman Factor XII (found inside blood)
Intrinsic Clotting Mechanism: As in extrinsic clotting mechanism, this begins
sequential activation of several clotting factors
Intrinsic Clotting Mechanism: Results in the same way as
exrinsic clotting mechanism, with formation of a fibrin mesh and a blood clot
After a blood clot forms, it
retracts and pulls the edges of a broken blood vessel together while squeexing serum from the clot
Serum =
plasma minus fibrinogen and most clotting factors
Platelet-derived growth factor stimulates
smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts to repair damaged blood vessel walls
Plasmin digests
fibrin threads, and dissolves the blood clot
A thrombus is an
abnormal blood clot that forms in a blood vessel
An embolus is a
blood clot moving through the blood vessels
Thrombosis is a
blood clot in a vessel supply a vital organ
Infarction is the
death of tissues which have blocked blood vessels due to blood clot formaiton
Embolism is when a
blood clot that travels, and then blocks a blood vessel in an organ
Atherosclerosis is the
accumulation of fat in arterial linings can sometimes cause abnormal clot formation; a common form of thrombosis
Deep Vein Thrombosis is
a clot formation due to pooling of stagnat blood, mainly in femoral or popliteal veins, or deep veins
Serious complication of DVT is a
pulmonary embolism
what is a pulmonary embolism?
A blood clot travels through circulation, and lodges in a pulmonary blood vessel, resulting in loss of function in affected portion of lung
Syptoms of DVT
Deep Muscle Pain
Cramping
Redness
Swelling
As a clot forms, what happens?
Fibrin absorms thrombin and prevents the clotting reaction from spreading
Prevention of Coagulation: Antithrombin inactivates
additional thrombin by binding it to and blocking its actions on fibrinogen
Factors that Inhibit Blood Clot Formation: Smooth lining of blood vessel action
Prevent activation of intrinsic blood clotting mechanism
Factors that Inhibit Blood Clot Formation: Prostacyclin Action
Inhibits adherence of platelets to blood vessel wall
Factors that Inhibit Blood Clot Formation: Fibrin threads action
absorbs thrombin
Factors that Inhibit Blood Clot Formation: Antithrombin in plasma action
Interferes with the action of thrombin
Factors that Inhibit Blood Clot Formation: Heparin from mast cells and basophils action
Interfers with the formation of prothrombin activator
Blood types are distinguished by
proteins on the surface of red blood cells, and these can be determined by the proteins or byy the genes that encode them
What is a Antigen?
Any molecule that envokes an immune response
If immune systme finds a foreign antigen in the body, it produces
antibodies against the antigen
What are antibodies?
Proteins that react against a specific antigen
What is Agglutination?
Clumping of RBCs which occurs when an antibody encounters its specific antigen
ABO blood group is based on
the presence of two major antigens on red blood cell membranes: Antigen A and Antigen B
Antigens A and B are
carbohydrates
Blood Type A Antigen
A
Blood Type B Antigen
B
Blood Type AB Antigen
A and B
Blood Type O Antigen
Neither A or B
Blood Type A Antibody
Anti-B
BLood Type B Antibody
Anti-A
Blood Type AB Antibody
Neither Anti-A nor Anti-B
Blood Type O Antibody
Both Anti-A and Anti-B
What is Aglutination?
When RBCs come in contact with antibodies against them, they will agglutinate (clump together)
What is the Universal Donor?
Type O
Type O lacks
A and B Antigens so they can be donated to a person with ny blood type
What is the Universal Recipient?
Type AB
Type AB lacks both
Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies so an indvidual with type AB can receive donor RBCs of any type
RH blood group was named for the
rhesus monkey
RH group includes several antigens or factors, but most importtant one is
Antigen A
RH postiive is the
presence of Antigen D or other Rh antigens on RBC membranes
RH negative does not
have Rh antigens on RBCmembranes
Anti-RH antibodies form only in
Rh-Negative individuals in response to the presence of red blood cells with Rh antigens
