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A&P II > Chapter 13 PPT : Endocrine > Flashcards

Chapter 13 PPT : Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

They are ductless and secrete hormones into the bloodstream. Act only on target cells

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2
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A

Glands that secrete into ducts or tubes that lead to a body surface

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3
Q

Exocrine glands deliver their products directly to a

A

specific site

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4
Q

What glands secrete messenger molecules?

A

Paracrine Secretions (Affect Nearby Cells) and Autocrine secretions (affect cells that secrete the substances)

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5
Q

Endocrine glands secrete hormones into

A

body fluids

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6
Q

Exocrine glands secrete substances into

A

outside environment

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7
Q

What two systems function in communication?

A

Nervous and Endocrine

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8
Q

Nervous system releases

A

neurotransmitters into synapsees

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9
Q

Endocrine system secretes

A

hormones into bloodstream

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10
Q

Nervous and Endocrine communicate via

A

chemicals that bind to receptor molecules

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11
Q

Cells of the Nervous System?

A

Neurons

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12
Q

Cells of the Endocrine System?

A

Glandular Epithelium

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13
Q

Chemical Signal of Nervous System?

A

Neurotransmitter

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14
Q

Chemical Signal of Endocrine System?

A

Hormone

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15
Q

Specificity of Action of Nervous system?

A

Receptors on Postsynaptic Cell

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16
Q

Specificity of Action on Endocrine System?

A

Receptors on target cells

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17
Q

Speed of onset for nervous system?

A

1 second

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18
Q

Speed of onset for endocrine system?

A

seconds to houors

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19
Q

Duration of action for nervous system?

A

Very brief, unless neuronal activity continuees

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20
Q

Duraction of action for endocrine system

A

May be brief or may last for days even if secretion ceases

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21
Q

Endocrine system is ___ in that only ______

A

precise,

target cels respond to a specific hormone

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22
Q

Target cells contain particular

A

receptors for the hormone. These receptors are not present on other cells

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23
Q

Many hormones are produced by what larger endocrine glands?

A 
Hypothalamus
Pituitary Gland
Thyroid Gland
Adrenal Gland
Pancreas
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24
Q

Small Group of cells that produce hormones?

A

Ovary, Testis, Kidney, Pineal Gland

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25
Q

What are the two types of hormones?

A

Steroid or Steroid-Like Hormones

Non-Steroid Hormones

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26
Q

What are steroids?

A

Lipids containing complex rings of carbon and hydrogen atoms

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27
Q

All steroid hormones are produced from

A

cholesterol

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28
Q

Examples of Steroids?

A

Sex Hormones (Testosterone, Estrogens), and Adrenal Cortex Hormones (Cortisol, Aldosterone)

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29
Q

Four types of Non-Steroid Hormones?

A

Amines
Proteins
Peptides
Glycoproteins

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30
Q

What are Amines?

A

Derived from Tyrosine (Epinephrine, Norepinephrine)

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31
Q

What are Proteins?

A

Composed of long chains of amino acids (growth hormones)

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32
Q

What are Peptides?

A

Short chains of amino acids (oxytocin)

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33
Q

What are glycoproteins

A

Carbohydrates joined to proteins (TSH)

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34
Q

Examples of Peptides?

A

ADH, OT, TRH, SS, GnRH

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35
Q

Examples of Proteins?

A

PTH, GH, PR

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36
Q

Examples of Glycoproteins?

A

FSH, LH, TSH

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37
Q

Examples of Steroids?

A

Estrogens, Testosterone, Aldosterone, Cortisol

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38
Q

Hormones exert effects by

A

altering metabolic processes

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39
Q

Hormones may alter

A

enzyme activity and alter rate of membrane transport of a substance

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40
Q

Hormones deliver messages by

A

binding to their receptors on/in target cell

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41
Q

Hormones can affect changes in

A

target cells, even in extremely low concentration

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42
Q

Hormones: Number of receptors determines

A

strength of response, and can be changed to alter the response

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43
Q

What is Upregulation?

A

Increase in number of receptors on target cell in response to a decrease in hormone level

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44
Q

What is downregulation?

A

Decrease in number of receptors on target cell, due to an increase in hormone level

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45
Q

Steroid and Thyroid hormones have poor

A

water-solubility

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46
Q

Steroid hormones can diffuse through

A

lipid bilayer of cell membranes

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47
Q

Thyroid hormones are thought to enter cell by

A

specific transport methods. They bind to receptors inside cell

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48
Q

Nonsteroid hormones cnanot penetrate the

A

lipid bilayer of cell membranes

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49
Q

Nonsteroid hormones bind to

A

receptors on the target cell membrane

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50
Q

Nonsteroid Hormone is considered a

A

first messenger

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51
Q

Chemical that induces changes leading to hormone effect is considered a

A

second messenger

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52
Q

Many nonsteroid hormones use

A

cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) as a second messenger

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53
Q

The entire process of chemical communication, from outside cells to inside, is called

A

signal transduction

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54
Q

What is Erythropoietin used for?

A

Used to increase the number of red blood cells and oxygen delivery to muscles

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55
Q

Prostaglandins are what type of substances?

A

Paracrine

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56
Q

Prostaglandins potency?

A

Very potent in small amount

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57
Q

Prostaglandins are not stored in cells, but synthesized just

A

before release

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58
Q

Prostaglandins; what happens after use?

A

rapidly inactivated?

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59
Q

Prostaglandins regulate

A

cellular responses to hromones

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60
Q

Prostaglandins can activate or inhibit

A

adenylate cyclase;

to control cAMP product and alter a cells response to hormones

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61
Q

Prostaglandins have a wide variety of effects such as

A

contracting or relaxing msooth muscle

stimulating or inhibiting secretion

regulating blood pressure

controlling movement of h20 and Na+ in kidneys

promoting inflammation

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62
Q

Hormone secretion is primarily controlled by

A

negative feedback mechanisms

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63
Q

Hormones effects can be (time duration)

A

short-lived or may last for days

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64
Q

Hormone secretiosn are precisely

A

regulated

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65
Q

Hormones are excreted in the

A

urine after exerting their effects

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66
Q

Hormones can be broken down by

A

enzymes, mainly from the liver, to stop their effects

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67
Q

A small number of cases of hormone control involve

A

positive feedback, mainly in reproductive system

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68
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

A control mechanism in which rising level of a hormone leads to a decrease in hormone secretion

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69
Q

What are the 3 methods in which negative feedback controls hormone secretion

A

Tropic Hormones

Nervous System Control

Changes in Composition Of Internal Environment

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70
Q

What is a Tropic Hormone?

A

Hormones that act on other glands, to regulate their hormone secretion

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71
Q

What is a Nervous system Control?

A

Nervous system directly stimualtes some glands to secrete their hormones (Via nerve impulseS)

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72
Q

What is a Changes in composition of internal environment?

A

Changing levels of a specific substance in the blood (ion, glucose) stimiulates or inhibits secretion or certain hormones

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73
Q

Pituitary gland lies at the

A

base of the brain, in the sella turcica of spenoid bone

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74
Q

Pituitary Gland attached to

A

hypothalamus by pituitary stalk (infundibulum)

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75
Q

Pituitary Gland consists of 2 distinct portions

A

Anterior Lobe and Posterior Lobe

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76
Q

Pituitary Gland: How does Anterior Lobe Regulation work

A

Hypothalamic releasing hormones are transporting through the Hypophyseal Portal System, and stimulate cells of anterior lobe to release hormones

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77
Q

Pituitary Gland: How does Posterior Lobe Rgulation work?

A

Nerve impulses from the hypothalamus travel through the infundibulum and stimulate nerve endings in posterior libe to release hormones

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78
Q

The hypothalamus, which is an endocrine gland, controls hormone secretion from

A

peripheral endocrine glands via 3-step pathways

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79
Q

Each hypothalamic releasing hormone acts on

A

specific hormone-secreting cells in the anterior pituitry gland

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80
Q

Anterior pituuitary hormone acts on cells in a

A

peripheral endocrine gland, to stimulate its secretions

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81
Q

Anterior lobe of the Pituitary Gland consists of

A

glandular epithelial tissue

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82
Q

Anterior Pituitary Hormones are produced in the

A

anterior lobe by 1-5 types of secretory cells

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83
Q

Each anterior lobe hormone is released in response to a releasing hormone from teh hypothalamus, some are inhibited by

A

inhibiting hormones form the hypothalamus

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84
Q

What are Some Anterior Pituitary Hormones?

A 
Growth Hormone (GH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Lutenizing Hormone (LH)
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85
Q

Growth hormone targets what?

A

Bone
Muscle
Adipose Tissue

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86
Q

Prolactin targets what?

A

Mammary Gland

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87
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone targets what?

A

Adrenal Cortex

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88
Q

Lutenizing Hormone targets what

A

Ovary

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89
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone targets what?

A

Testis

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90
Q

What does the growth hormone do?

A

Stimualtes cells to enlarge and divide rapidly, increases amino acid uptake and protein synthesis, decreases rate fo carbohydrate usage, increase rate of fat useage

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91
Q

What does Prolactin do?

A

Promotes milk production in females, uncertain function in males

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92
Q

What does Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone do?

A

Stimulates secretion of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)

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93
Q

What does Adrenocorticotropic Hormone do?

A

Stimulates secretion of cortisol and other glucocorticoids from adrenal cortex

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94
Q

What does Follicle-Stimulating Hormone do?

A

Causes growth and development of ovarian follicles in females, sperm production in males

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95
Q

What does Lutenizing Hormone cause?

A

Causes ovulation in females, sex hormone production in both genders

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96
Q

How is TSH controlled?

A

Controoled by level of TRSH from the hypothlamus Also controlled by negative feedback

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97
Q

How does Hypopituitary Dwarfism occur?

A

Caused by deficiency of growth hormone during childhood.

Short stature, but body proportions and mental development are normal

98
Q

What is Gigantism?

A

Caused by oversecretion of GH during childhood.

Height may exceed 8 feet. Often caused by pituitary tumor

99
Q

What is Acromegaly?

A

Caused by oversecretion of GH during adulthood, after epiphyseal ossification, bones thicken.

Enlargement of tongue, nose, hands, feet, jaw, heart, thyroid gland

100
Q

Posteroid lobe of pituitry gland consists of nerve fibers from

A

hypothalamus and neuroglia, unlike glandular epithelium of anterior lobes

101
Q

Posterior Pituitary Hormones : 2 Hormoens are produced yby

A

neurons in the hypothalamus, and stored and released by this

102
Q

Posterior Pituitary Hormones The two hormones are transported to the posterior pituitary gland via the

A

pituitary stralk

103
Q

Posterior Pituitary Hormones

A

ADH, Vasopressin and OXxytocin

104
Q

What does ADH/Vasopressin do?

A

Decreases urine production by reducing volume of H2O the kidneys excrete, also causes vasoconstriction to increase bp

105
Q

What does Oxytocin do?

A

Causes muscle conraction in uterine wall during childbirth, milk ejection during lactation, has no known functions in males

106
Q

Thyroid Gland has the special ability to remove

A

idoine from blood

107
Q

Thyrid Gland produces

A

T4 (Thyroxine)

T3 (Triiodothyronine)

Calcitonin

108
Q

What cells product T3 and T4

A

Follicular

109
Q

What produces Calcitonin?

A

Extra or Parafollicular Cells

110
Q

Thyroid is composed of round secretory units called

A

follicles

111
Q

Each follicle is surrounded by

A

a single layer of follicular cells

112
Q

What does T4 do?

A

Increases rate of energy released from carbohydrates

increases rate of protein synthesis

accelerates growth

necessary for normal nervous sytem maturation

113
Q

T4 source of control?

A

TSH from the anterior pituitary gland

114
Q

What does T3 do?

A

Same as T4, but five times for potent

115
Q

T3 source of control?

A

TSh form teh anterior pituitary gland

116
Q

What does Calcitonin do?

A

Lowers blood calcum and phosphate ion contentration by inhibiting release of calcium and phosphate ions form bones and by increasing the rate at whcihc alcium and phosphate ions are deposited into bones

increases secretion of calcium by the kidneys

117
Q

Calcitonin source of control?

A

Elevated blood calcium ion concentration,, digestive hormones

118
Q

Hyperthyroid diseases?

A

Hyperthyroidism

GRaves Disease

119
Q

Hypothyroid Diseases?

A

Hashimoto Disease

Hypothyroidism (Infantile)

Hypothyroidism (Adult)

Simple Goiter

120
Q

What is Hyperthyrodism

A

High metabolic rate

sensitivity to heat

restlessness

hyperactivity

weight loss

121
Q

What is Graves Disease?

A

Autoantibodies bind to TSH receptors on thyroid cell membranes

122
Q

What is Hashimoto disease?

A

Autoantibodies destroy thyroid cells

123
Q

What is Hypothyroidism (infantile)

A

stunted growth, abnormal bone formation, intellectual disability

124
Q

What is Hypothyroidism (adult)

A

Low metabolic rate

Sensitivity to cold

Sluggishness

Poor Appetite

125
Q

What is Simple Goiter?

A

Deficiency of thyroid hormones due to iodine deficiency

126
Q

Parathyroid glands located on

A

posteiror surface of the thyroid gland

127
Q

Parathyroid Glands secretes what hormone?

A

PTH (Parathyroid Hormone)

128
Q

PTH regulates

A

Ca and PO4 concentrations in blood

129
Q

Actions of PTH: Ca and Po4

A

Increase level of blood Ca

Decrease level of blood PO4

130
Q

Actions of PTH: EXerts these effects by acting on

A

bone, kidneys and intenstines

131
Q

Actions of PTH: Indirectly stiualtes absorption of

A

Ca by stimulating a step in Vitamin D metabolism

132
Q

PTH acts on kidney to cause final step in production of

A

Active Vitamin D

133
Q

Hyperparathyroidism Symptoms

A

Fatigue

Muscular Weakness

Painful Joints

Altered Mental Status

Depression

134
Q

Hyperparathyroidism Cause

A

Tumor

135
Q

Hyperparathyroidism Treatment

A

Remove tumor, correct bone deformities

136
Q

Hypoparathyroidism Symptoms

A

Muscle Cramps and Seizures

Decreased PTH secretion reduces osteoclast activity

Diminishing Blood Calcium Ion Concentration

137
Q

Hypoparathyroidism Cause

A

Inadvertent surgical removal, injury

138
Q

Hypoparathyroidism Treatment

A

Calcium salt injections, massive doses of Vitamin D

139
Q

Adrenal glands are also called

A

suprarenal glands

140
Q

Adrenal glands are closely associated with the

A

kidneys

141
Q

Adrenal glands sit like

A

cap on each kidney

142
Q

Adrenal Glands: Hormones secreted from what two areas?

A

Adrenal Cortex

Adrenal Medulla

143
Q

Adrenal Glands: How many hormones secreted ere?

A

Numerous

144
Q

Adrenal Glands: Play roles in maintaining

A

blood sodium levels and responding to stress. They also include certain sex hormones

145
Q

Adrenal Cortex makes up

A

outer portion of gland and secretes steroid hormones

146
Q

Adrenal medulla makes up

A

central portion of gland, and secretes amine hormones

147
Q

What two hormones does the adrenal medulla secrete?

A

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

148
Q

Epinephrine affect on heart

A

Heart Rate increases, force of contraction increases

149
Q

Epinephrine affect on blood vessels

A

vasodilation, especiall important in skeletal muscle at onset of fight of flight

150
Q

Epinephrine affect on systemic blood pressure

A

some increase due to increased cardiac output

151
Q

Epinephrine affect on airways

A

dilation

152
Q

Epinephrine affect on reticular formaiton of brainstem

A

activated

153
Q

Epinephrine affect on liver

A

Promotes breakdown of glycogen to glucose , increasing blood sugar level

154
Q

Epinephrine affect on metabolic rate

A

increases

155
Q

Norepinephrine effect on heart

A

heart rate increases, force of contraction increases

156
Q

Norepinephrine effect on blood vessels

A

vasoconstriction in skin adn viscera shifts blood flow to other areas such as exercising skeletal muscle

157
Q

Norepinephrine effect on systemic blood pressure

A

some icnreased due to increased cardiac output and vasoconstriction

158
Q

Norepinephrine effect on airways

A

some dilation

159
Q

Norepinephrine effect on reticular formation of brainstem

A

little effect

160
Q

Norepinephrine effect on liver

A

little effect on blood glucose level

161
Q

Norepinephrine effect on metabolic rate

A

increases

162
Q

Adrenall Cortex produces

A

steroid hormones

163
Q

Some of the Adrenal Cortex hormones are vital to

A

maintaining life

164
Q

Most important hormones of the adrenal cortex are

A

Aldosterone, Cortisol

165
Q

Aldosterone action

A

Helps regulate the concentraiton of extracellular electrolytes by conserving sodium ions adn excreting potassium ions

166
Q

Aldosterone factors regulating secretion

A

Plasma potassium and sodium ion cocnentrations and reninangiotensin system

167
Q

Cortisol Action

A

Decrease protein synthesis, increases fatty acid release, adn stimulates glucose sythesis from noncarbohydrates

168
Q

Cortisol factors regulating secretion

A

CRH from the hypothalamus and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACH) fromt he aterior pituitary gland

169
Q

Adrenal Androgen Action

A

Supplement sex hormones form the gonads; may be converted into estrogens

170
Q

Adrenal Androgens Factors Regulting Secretion

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary plus unknown factors

171
Q

Three zones of the Adrenal Cortex?

A

Zona Glomerulosa
Zona Fasciculata
Zona Reticularis

172
Q

Where is the Zona Glomerulosoa located?

A

Outer Zone

173
Q

What does the Zona Glomerulosa produce?

A

Aldosterone and other mineralocorticoids

174
Q

Where is the Zona Fasciculata located?

A

Middle Zone

175
Q

What does the Zona Fasciculata produce?

A

Cortisol and OTher Glucocorticoids

176
Q

Where is the Zona Reticularis located

A

Inner Zone

177
Q

What does the Zone Reticularis produce?

A

Produces male sex hormones

178
Q

What does the RAAS system do?

A

Helps maintain normal blood pressure

179
Q

What does Angiotensin II do?

A

Increases blood pressure, and promotes secretion of aldosterone

180
Q

What does aldosterone conserve?

A

Na, and H2O is retained by osmosis.

181
Q

Addison disease is due to

A

insufficient hormone secretion from adrenal cortex

182
Q

Addison disease results in

A

electrolyte and glucose imbalances, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, nausea, and increased skin pigmentation

183
Q

Addison disease can be

A

fatal, due to severe electrolyte imbalance

184
Q

Cushing Syndrome due to

A

hypersecretion of cortisol, because of adrenal tumor, or excess secretion of ACTH by anterior pituitary

185
Q

Cushing Syndrome results in

A

muscle wasting, loss of bone, elevated blood glucose, Na+ retention, H2O retention by osmosis, increased blood pressure, puffy skin, abnormal deposition of adipose tissue in face and back

186
Q

Pancreas has how many major types of secretory tissue?

A

2

187
Q

Pancreas is what type of gland?

A

Endocrine and Exocrine

188
Q

Endocrine function

A

Secretes hormones into body fluids

189
Q

Exocrine Function?

A

Secrete digestive juices through a ducr

190
Q

How many and what hormones are secreted from endocrine cells?

A

Alpha, Beta, Delta

191
Q

Alpha cells secrete

A

glucagon

192
Q

Beta cells secete

A

insulin

193
Q

Delta cells secrete

A

somatostatin

194
Q

What does the pancreas look like?

A

Elongated, flattened organ

195
Q

Pancres location?

A

Posterior to the stomach

196
Q

What does the pancreatic duct transport?

A

Digestive juice to the duodenum

197
Q

Endocrine portion of Pancreas consists of

A

groups of cells called Pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)

198
Q

Glucagon Action?

A

Stimulates the liver to break down glycogen and convert noncarbohydrates into glucose ; stimulates breakdown of fats

199
Q

Glucagon source of control

A

Blood glucose concentration

200
Q

Insulin Action

A

PRomotes formation of glycogen from glucose, inhibits conversion of noncarbohydraes into glucose, and enhances movement of glucose through adipose and muscle cell membranes, decreasing blood glucose concentration

201
Q

Insulin source of control

A

Blood glucose concentration

202
Q

Somatostatin Action?

A

Helps regulate glucose metabolism by inhibiting secretion of insulin and glucagon

203
Q

Somatostatin source of controlled?

A

Not known

204
Q

Simple Insulin action?

A

Decreases blood glucose, when it is too high

205
Q

Glucagon simple action definition

A

Increase blood glucose, when it is too low

206
Q

Diabetes Mellitus results from lack of

A

insulin or inability of cells to recognize insulin

207
Q

Diabetes Mellitus : Elevated blood glucose can damage

A

eyes, heart, kidney, nerves

208
Q

Diabetes Mellitus : Results in

A

disturbances in carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism

209
Q

Diabetes Mellitus : Insulin promotes

A

glucose uptake by adipose and muscle cells

210
Q

Diabetes Mellitus In diabetes, carbohydrates cannot enter

A

cells in normal quantities

211
Q

Diabetes Mellitus , without carbohydrates, what does this result in?

A

Hyperglycemia , or high blood glucose

212
Q

Diabetes Mellitus : Signs of this?

A

Weight decline, hunger increases, fatigue increases, wounds do not heal well, growth stops in children

213
Q

Diabetes Mellitus: Glucose spills into

A

urine, and H2O follows by osmosis leading to dehydration and thirst

214
Q

Type I usually begins before

A

age of 20

215
Q

Type 1 Diabetes is what type of disease?

A

Autoimmune disease, with immune system destroying beta cells of pancreas

216
Q

Type 1 results in a lack of

A

insulin production

217
Q

PErcentage of cases in Type 1

A

5-10%

218
Q

What happens in Type 2 diabetes?

A

Insulin produced, but body cells are unable to recognize it

219
Q

Type 2 Milder than

A

Type 1

220
Q

Type 2 complications include

A

coronary artery disease, erve or retinal damage

221
Q

Type 1 administration requires administration of

A

insulin

222
Q

Insulin cn be obtained from

A

pigs and cows

223
Q

Human insulin can be synthesized using

A

recombinant DNA technology; insulin is producecd by genetically altered bacteria

224
Q

Type 2 Diabetes treatment?

A

Low carbohydrates, high protein diet

Regular exercise

Gastric bypass surgery

225
Q

Has you grow older, endocrine glands

A

decrease in size

226
Q

As you get older, what happens to ADH?

A

ADH levels increase increase due to slower elimintion by liver and kidneys

227
Q

As you get older, what happens to Calcitonin?

A

Decrease, increasing risk of osteoporosis

228
Q

What does the Pineal Gland do?

A

Secretes melatonin

Regulates circadian rhythms

229
Q

What does the Thymus gland do?

A

Secretes thymosins

Promotes development of T-Lymphocytes

Important in role of immunity

230
Q

What do the ovaries produce?

A

Estrogens and Progesterone

231
Q

What do the Testes produce?

A

Testosterone

232
Q

What does the Placenta produce?

A

Estrogens, Progesterone, and a Gonadotropin

233
Q

When sensory receptors detect changes, they send

A

nerve impulses to the hypothalamus

234
Q

The hypothalamus activates

A

sympathetic nervous sytem and increases secretion of adrenal hormones

235
Q

Factor capable of initiating this response is a

A

stressor

236
Q

Stress is the condition produced in response to

A

stressors

237
Q

Hypothalamus controls

A

response to stress

238
Q

Response is called

A

General Adaptation

General Stress Syndrome

239
Q

What are teh two stages of General Stress Syndrome?

A

Alarm Stage

Resistance Stage

240
Q

What is the Alarm Stage?

A

Immediate/ Fight or Flight

Epinephrine intensifies and prologns these responses

241
Q

What is the Resistance Stage?

A

Long-Term

Increased cortisol spares glucose for brain

Glucagon and GH mobilize energy sources for other tissues

ADH and Renin cause water retention

A&P II (10 decks)

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