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A&P II > Chapter 17: Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 17: Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Alimentary canal?

A

Consists of organs that extend form the mouth to the anus; the food passageway

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2
Q

What are accessory organs?

A

Consists of organs that empty secretions into the alimentary canal; food does not pass through them

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3
Q

Alimentary canal is how long?

A

8 m

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4
Q

Innermost to outermost layers of alimentary canal?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa

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5
Q

What is the mucosa

A

innermost layer, mucous membrane

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6
Q

What is the submucosa?

A

nourishes cells, transports absobred food molecules

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7
Q

What is the muscularis?

A

muscle tissue, moves tube and food materials

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8
Q

What is the serosa?

A

outermost layer; serous fluid eliminates friction

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9
Q

What are mixing movements?

A

Muscle in small sections contracts rhythmically

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10
Q

moving movements does not move

A

materials in one direction

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11
Q

example of mixing movements?

A

segmentation

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12
Q

Examples of propelling movements?

A

moves materials in one direction such as peristalsis

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13
Q

What is the submucosal plexus?

A

controls secretions

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14
Q

what is the myenteric plexus?

A

controls GI motility

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15
Q

What are parasympathetic impulses?

A

increases activites of digestive system

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16
Q

What are sympathetic impulses?

A

inhibit digestive action

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17
Q

The lingual frenulum connects

A

tongue to floor of mouth

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18
Q

Papillae are

A

projections that move food, contain taste buds

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19
Q

Lingual Tonsils are

A

lymphatic tissue masses on root of tongue

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20
Q

Palate forms

A

the roof of the oral cavity

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21
Q

Palate consists of a

A

hard anterior part and a soft posterior part

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22
Q

The uvula extends from the

A

soft palate

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23
Q

What are palatine tonsils?

A

Lymphatic masses on sides of tongue

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24
Q

What are pharyngeal tonsils

A

MAsses of lymphatic tissue in posterior wall of pharynx

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25
Q

How many primary teeth are there?

A

20

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26
Q

How many secondary tetth are there

A

32

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27
Q

What are dental caries?

A

Cavities within enamel of tooth

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28
Q

Dental caries formed when

A

sticky food lodge between teeth

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29
Q

DEntal Caries: Bacteria on teeteh metabolize

A

sugars

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30
Q

DEntal Caries: acidic-by-products desroy

A

enamel and dentin

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31
Q

Salviary glands secrete

A

salvia

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32
Q

Saliva moistens

A

food particles and binds them together

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33
Q

Saliva contains

A

enzymes (begin chemical digestion of carbohydrates) and bicarbonate (keep pH favorable)

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34
Q

What are the 3 pairs of salivary glands?

A

Paortid glands
Submandibular glands
Sublingual glands

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35
Q

Different pairs of salivary glands have how many varying proportions of types of secretory cells?

A

2: Serous and Mucous Cells

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36
Q

What are serous cells?

A

Produce a watery fluid, containing a digestive enzyme called salivary amylast which splits starch and glycogen into disaccharides

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37
Q

What are mucous cells

A

Secrete mcus, which binds food particles and lubricates food while swallowing

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38
Q

What are parotid glands?

A

LArgest glands.

Anterior / inferior to ear

Serous glands

Saliva contains amylase

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39
Q

What are submandibular glands?

A

Serous and mucous glands

Floor of mouth

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40
Q

What are sublingual glands?

A

Under tongue

Mainly mucous glands

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41
Q

Pharynx location?

A

Cavity posteiror to the mouth

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42
Q

Pharynx extends from

A

nasal cavity to esophagus

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43
Q

Esophagus extends rom

A

pharyxn to the stomach

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44
Q

Pharynx divided into what parts?

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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45
Q

Swallowing Mechanism: First stage

A

Voluntary stage. Saliva is mixed with chewing food

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46
Q

Swallowing Mechanism: SEcond Stage

A

Begins as food reaches oropharynx, stimulates sensory receptors.

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47
Q

Swallowing Mechanism: Third stage

A

Peristalsis transports food in the esophagus to the stomach

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48
Q

What protections food from going into lungs?

A

Epiglottis

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49
Q

Esophagus penetrates the diaphargm through the

A

esophageal hiatus

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50
Q

Esophagus: Lower esophageal sphincter rgulates

A

food passage into stomach

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51
Q

Stomach location

A

inferior to the diaphargm, in the upper left portion of the abdominal cavity

52
Q

Three parts of the stomach?

A

Fundus, body, pylorus

53
Q

Gastric Secretions: Pepsinogen

A

inactive form of pepsin; secreted by chief cells

54
Q

Gastric Secretions: Pepsin

A

Active enzyme that breaks down proteins into polypeptides; forms from pepsinogen in presence of hydrochloric acid

55
Q

Gastric Secretions: gastric lipase

A

Fat-splitting enzyme, found in small quantities, action inhibited by low pH

56
Q

Gastric Secretions: HCl

A

Produced by parietal cells; converts pepsinogen into pepesin

57
Q

Gastric Secretions: Mucus

A

Secreted by mucuous cells; provides lubrication and protects stomach lining

58
Q

Gastric Secretions: Intrinsic Factor

A

Produced by parietal cells; required for absorption of vitamin B12

59
Q

Gastric Secretions: Sympathetic impulses decrease

A

gastric activity

60
Q

Gastric Secretions: Parasympathetic impulses increase

A

gastric activty; promote release of histamine which stimualtes gastric secretion

61
Q

Gastric Secretions: Somatostatin

A

inhibits Hcl acid secretion

62
Q

Gastric Secretions: Gastrin

A

Increases gastric juice secretion

63
Q

Gastric Secretions: Cholecystokinin

A

Released by small intestine cells when proteins and fat enter the small intestine

64
Q

What is the Cephalic phase?

A

The sight, taste, smell, or thought of food triggers parasympathetic reflexes. Gastric juice is secreted in response

65
Q

What is the Gastric Phase

A

Food ins tomach chemically and mechanically stimualtes release of gastrin

66
Q

What is the Intestinal Phase?

A

AS food enters small intestine, it stimulates intestinal cells to release intestinal gastrin

67
Q

Mixing of food in stomach with juice produces paste called

A

chyme

68
Q

When chyme starts to fill the duodenum, stretch receptors initiate the

A

enterogastric reglex. This slows stomch emptying and iintestinal filling

69
Q

Heartburn: results from

A

eating a lot of food too quickly

70
Q

Heartburn: takes hypothalamus how long to sense full stomach

A

20 minntutes

71
Q

Heartburn: excess fullness leads to

A

abdominal pain and gastric reflux, as stomach contents enter esophagus

72
Q

Heartburn: stomach contents in esophagus cause

A

inflammation called esophagitis. feel like its from heart

73
Q

What does the Pancreas gland do?

A

Secretes insulin and glucagon to regulate blood glucose

74
Q

Pancreas is what type of gland of digestive system

A

Exocrine

75
Q

In the exocrine function, pancreas secretes digestive fluid called

A

pancreatic juice

76
Q

What makes up most of pancreas?

A

Pancreatic acinar cells, which reelase pancreatic juice into tiny ducts which lead to the pancreatic duct

77
Q

What is the pancreatic duct?

A

empties into teh duodenum

78
Q

Pancreatic duct and common bile duct joint at dilated tube called

A

hepatompancreatic ampulla

79
Q

Heptopancreatic sphincter surrounds

A

ampulla; controls movement of bile and pancreatic juice

80
Q

Pancreatic jucie contains

A

enzymesthat digest carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids

81
Q

What is pancreatic amylase

A

splits starch and glycogen into disaccharides

82
Q

What is pancreatic lipase

A

breaks down triglycerides

83
Q

what is trypsin

A

digest proteins; released as inactive trypsinogen which is actived by enterokinase in small intestine

84
Q

what is chymotrypsin

A

digest proteins; released as inactive ; and actived by trypsin

85
Q

What is carboxypeptidase

A

digests proteins; released as inactive, activated by trypsin

86
Q

What are nucleases

A

digest nucleic acids

87
Q

what are bicarbonate ions

A

make pancreatic juice alkaline

88
Q

What is secretin

A

stimualtes pancreas to release pancreatic juice high in bicarb ions

89
Q

what is CCK

A

stimulates pancrease to release pancreatic juice ihigh in enzymes

90
Q

location of liver

A

upper-riught abdominal quadrants

91
Q

how many lobes in liver?

A

four

92
Q

What are teh lobes in the liver

A

right: largest
left: smaller than right
quadrate lobe: monor lobe, near gallgladder
caudate: minor, near inferior vena cava

93
Q

Liver lobes divided into hepatic lobules, there are

A

functional units of the liver

94
Q

Oxygen por blood form teh digestive tract is transported to the liver through the

A

hepatic portal vein

95
Q

Major functions of the liver: carbohydrate metabolism

A

polymerizes glucose to glycogen; breaks down glycogen to lgucose

96
Q

Major functions of the liver: lipid metabolism

A

oxidizes fatty acids, synthesizes lipoproteins , phospholipids, and cholesterol

97
Q

Major functions of the liver: Protein metabolism

A

deaminates amino acids, forms urea

98
Q

Major functions of the liver: storage

A

stores glycogen, vitamins a, d, and b12, iron, and blood

99
Q

Major functions of the liver: blood filtering

A

removes damaged red blood cells and foreign substances

100
Q

Major functions of the liver: detoxification

A

removes toxins from the blood

101
Q

Major functions of the liver: secretion

A

produces and secretes bile

102
Q

Liver is capable of regeneration if

A

25-30% of it is healthy

103
Q

What can a extracorporeal liver assist device do?

A

can temporarily perform blood cleansing functions of the live runtil donor liver becomes available

104
Q

Components of bile?

A 
Water
Bile Salts
Bile Pigments
Cholesterol
Electrolytes
105
Q

Hepatitis is an

A

inflamamtion of the liver

106
Q

what is not effective against viral hepatitis?

A

Antibiotics

107
Q

Job of gallbladder?

A

stores and concentrates bile

108
Q

Dystic duct from gallbladder joints with the

A

common hepatic duct to form common bile duct

109
Q

Gallbladder normally concentrates

A

bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol

110
Q

someties cholesterol precipitates to form

A

solid crystals

111
Q

causs of gallstones?

A

excess bile concentration, too much cholesterol secretion by liver or inflammation of the gallbladdder

112
Q

CKK causes the gallbladdder to

A

contract, in response to fats entering the dupdenum.

113
Q

bile salts aid digestive enzymes through

A

emulsification

114
Q

Bile salts help absorb fat soluble vitamins such as

A

a, d, e, k

115
Q

Symptoms of gallbladdedr disease

A

pain in right upper abdominal quadrant, back and right shoulder, perhaps nausea and sweating

116
Q

tests to observe the gallbladeeer

A

Ultrasonography

Cholecystogram

117
Q

Treatment for gallstones?

A

Cholecystectomy (surgical removal of the gallbladder)

Endoscopy to find stomes and remove them

118
Q

Three parts of small intestine?

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

119
Q

Enzymes in the membranes of the microvilli: Peptidases

A

break down peptides into amino acids

120
Q

Enzymes in the membranes of the microvilli: Sucrase, maltase, lactase

A

break down disaccharides into monosaccharides

121
Q

Enzymes in the membranes of the microvilli: lipase

A

break down fats into fatty acids and glycerol

122
Q

What joints ileum of small intestine to cecum of large intestine?

A

Ileocecal sphincter

123
Q

Parts of Large Intestiine?

A

Cecum
Colons
Rectum
Anal Canal

124
Q

What is Divertiiculosis?

A

Weaking of intstinal wall leads to protrusion of mucous membrane

125
Q

What is IBD: Ulcerative Colitis?

A

Affects mucosa, and submucods of large intestine causing bloody diarrhea

126
Q

What is IBD: Chrohns Disease?

A

More serous, affects all layers. Causes diarrhea and pain

A&P II (10 decks)

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