Chapter 18 Notes Flashcards
What are the goals of binomial nomenclature and systematics?
To organize living things into groups athat have biological meaning
How did Linnaeus group species into larger taxa?
His original classification system expanded into 7 hierarchical taxa.
What are Linnaeus’ 7 hierarchical taxa? (in order)
Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
Species
group of individuals capable of interbreeeding and producing fertile offspring
genus
group of similar species
taxa
the name we call the organization of living things into groups
family
group of several genera that share many similarities
order
closely related families are grouped into the next larger rank–an order
class
similar orders are grouped into the larger rank, a class.
Phylum
similar classes are grouped into phylums.
What does a phylum include?
Organisms that are different but share important characteristics.
kingdom
all multicellular animals are placed in the kingdom animalia.
What is the goal of evolutionary classification? (Also called phylogenic systematics)
To group species into larger categories that reflect lines of evolutionary descent
What is a cladogram?
Something that links groups of organisms by showing how evolutionary lines, or lineages, branched off from common ancestors.
How are DNA sequences used in classification?
The more derived genetic characters two species share, the more recently they share a common ancestor and the more closely they are related in evolutionary terms.
clade
Group of species that includes a single common ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor
monophyletic group
includes a single common ancestor and all its descendants.
Cladistic analysis
compares carefully selected traits to determine the order in which the groups of organisms branched off from their common ancestors.
What are the six kingdoms of life as they are now identified?
Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia
Domain
Larger, more inclusive category than a kingdom
Bacteria Domain
Are unicellular and prokaryotic. Cells have thick rigid walls that surround the cell membrane. Are also ecologically diverse.
What does the tree of life show?
Current hypotheses regarding evolutionary relationships among the taxa within the three domains of life
Archaea domain
Are unicellular and prokaryotic. Live in obscure environments such as volcanic hot springs, brine pools.
Eukarya Domain
All organisms that have a nucleus. Comprises Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
