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Honors Biology > CH 18 > Flashcards

CH 18 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the goal of systematics?

A

To organize living things into group[s that have biological meaning

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2
Q

The polar bear belongs to the genus Ursus and the species maritiumus. How would you write its Linnaean name?

A

Ursus maritimus

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3
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

the science of the classification of living things.

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4
Q

Describe Linnaeus’ system of hierarchical taxonomy. List the ranks from smallest to largest.

A

Linnaeus’ original classification ssystem had four levels. over time it expanded to include seven hierarchical taxa: Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, and kingdom.

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5
Q

What is the largest and most inclusive of Linnaeus’ taxonomic categories? What is the smallest and most restrictive?

A

The Kingdom; species and genus

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6
Q

What are some of the problems with Linnaean classification?

A

Linnaeus grouped organisms strictly according to similarities and differences. Scientists today try to assign species to a larger group in that reflect how closely members of those groups are related to each other.

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7
Q

What is phylogeny? What is the goal of evolutionary classification?

A

The evolutionary history of lineages; To group species into larger categories that reflect lines of evolutionary descent

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8
Q

Define clade.

A

Group of species that includes a single common ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor

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9
Q

Explain the difference between a monophyletic and paraphyletic group.

A

Monophyletic groups include a single common ancestor and all its descendants, while paraphyletic groups include a common ancestor but excludes one or more groups of descendants.

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10
Q

Explain how cladograms are built.

A

A cladogram is built by linking groups of organisms by showing how evolutionary lines, or lineages, branched off from common ancestors.

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11
Q

What is a derived character?

A

A trait that arose in the most recent common ancestor of a particular lineage that was passed on to its descendants

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12
Q

How do taxonomists use DNA to determine how closely two species are related?

A

By comparing the genetic information between two species

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13
Q

List the six kingdoms of life.

A

Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

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14
Q

Describe the Eubacteria kingdom

A

Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Eubacteria are prokaryotes, cell walls have peptidoglycan, are unicellular, autotroph or heterotrophs. Streptococcus, Escherichia coli

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15
Q

Describe the Archaebacteria kingdom

A

Archaebacteria are prokaryotes, cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan, are unicellular, autotrophs or heterotrophs., Methanogens, halophiles

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16
Q

Describe the “Protista” Kingdom

A

“Protista” are eukaryotes, cell walls contain either cellulose or chloroplasts. Most unicellular, some colonial, some multicellular, autotroph or Heterotroph, Amoeba, slime mold

17
Q

Describe the Fungi Kingdom

A

Fungi are Eukaryotes, cell walls contain chitin, most multicellular, some unicellular, are heterotrophs. Mushrooms, yeasts

18
Q

Describe the Plantae Kingdom

A

Plantae are Eukaryotes, cell walls contain cellulose or chloroplasts, most are unicellular, some green algae unicellular, are autotrophs. moss, ferns

19
Q

Describe the Animalia Kingdom

A

Animalia are Eukaryotes, no cell walls or chloroplasts, are multicellular and heterotrophic. Sponge, worm

20
Q

List the three domains of life

A

Domain Archaea, Eukaryea, and bacteria.

21
Q

Describe the Bacteria Domain

A

Unicellular, prokaryotic with thic cell walls containing peptidoglycan. Ecologically diverse, some need oxygen, some are killed by oxygen. Corresponds to Kingdom Eubacteria

22
Q

Describe the Archaea Domain

A

Unicellular and prokaryotix, live in most extreme environments such as volcanic hot springs, brine pools, and black organic mud devoid of oxygen. Most can only survive in lack of oxygen. Lack peptidoglycan, cell membranes contain lipids. Corresponds to kingdom Archaeabacteria

23
Q

Describe the Eukarya domain

A

consists of all organisms that have a nucleus. Most are unicellular but some are multicellular. Some are photosynthetic while others heterotrophic.

24
Q

All three domains represent clades, but only five of the six kingdoms are clades. Which kingdom is not a true clade and why?

A

Kingdom Protista does not form any monophyletic group. The unicellular eukaryotes in this group are not counted as animals, plants, or fungi. They do not have any common ancestors.

25
Q

binomial nomenclature

A

each species is assigned a two-part scientific name

26
Q

genus

A

similar species

27
Q

systematics

A

organizes living things into groups that have biological meaning

28
Q

taxon

A

The name we call the organization of living things into groups

29
Q

family

A

Several genera that share many similarities are grouped into a larger category

30
Q

order

A

Closely related families are grouped into the next larger rank- an order

31
Q

Phylum

A

similar classes are grouped into phylums.

32
Q

Kingdom

A

all multicellular animals are placed in the kingdom animalia.

33
Q

Phylogeny

A

The evolutionary history of lineages

34
Q

monophyletic group

A

includes a single common ancestor and all its descendants.

35
Q

Domain

A

Larger, more inclusive category than a kingdom

36
Q

Bacteria

A

unicellular prokaryotes that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

37
Q

Archaea

A

Does not contain peptidoglyran. More closely related to eukaryotes than bacteria, and live in extreme environments

38
Q

Eukarya

A

All organisms that have a nucleus. Comprises Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

Honors Biology (11 decks)

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