CH 30 study guide QUESTIONS

Question 1

Explain how the human body is organized

Answer 1

cells, tissues, organs, organ systems

Question 2

Name and describe the four tissue types. Give an example of where each tissue might be located.

Answer 2

epithelial- lines interior and exterior body surfaces; Skin, lining of the stomach.
connective- provides support for the body and connects its parts; fat cells, bone cells, blood cells
nervous- transmit nerve impulses throughout the body; neurons, glial cells.
muscle- move the body; arms, legs.

Question 3

What is the primary function of all of the organs and body systems?

Answer 3

to interact to maintain homeostasis in the body

Question 4

Give an example of feedback inhibition in the body.

Answer 4

If you get too cold, you shiver, using muscle activity to generate heat

Question 5

How is the energy in food measured?

Answer 5

In calories

Question 6

What is the most important nutrient?

Answer 6

Water

Question 7

Explain the difference between simple and complex carbohydrates.

Answer 7

simple carbs are monosaccharides and disaccharides. complex carbs are polysaccharides. simple carbs do not have to be digested or broken down, while complex carbs must be broken down before they can be used by the body.

Question 8

Name and define the different types of fat

Answer 8

Saturated Fats- solids at room temperature, single bonds
Unsaturated Fats- liquids at room temperature, more than one double bond
Trans fats- solids at room temperature and longer shelf life than unsaturated fats, processed, modified unsaturated fat by adding hydrogen, more health concern

Question 9

What are the four, fat-soluble vitamins? How are fat- and water-soluble vitamins different?

Answer 9

A, D, E, and K; fat soluble vitamins can be stored in the fatty tissues of the body, while water soluble vitamins disolve in water and cannot be stored in the body.

Question 10

How are vitamins and minerals different?

Answer 10

Vitamins are organic nutrients needed by the body to help perform chemical reactions; minerals are inorganic nutrients that the body needs.

Question 11

What is a balanced diet?

Answer 11

A diet that provides nutrients in adequate amounts and enough energy for a person to maintain a healthful weight.

Question 12

List and describe the four phases of digestion.

Answer 12

ingestion- putting food in mouth
digestion- food passes through the digestive system and is broken down in two ways- mechanical, the physiucal breakdown of food into smaller pieces, and chemical, the smaller pieces are swallowed and accesed by digestive enzymes, during which chemical digestion occurs and enzymes break down food into small molecules the body can use. (mechanical and chemical digestion)
absorption-food is absorbed by cells in small intestine, and molecules enter circ. system
elimination- some materials in food such as cellulose travel through large intestine and are elminated as feces

Question 13

Mouth

Answer 13

teeth tear apart and gride food into small pieces. 1 minute

Question 14

Esophagus

Answer 14

the chewed food travels from mouth to stomach via esophagus. Food is squeezed through by peristalsis. (2-3 seconds)

Question 15

Stomach

Answer 15

Muscle contractions produce a churning motion that breaks up food and forms a liquid mixture called chyme. 2-4 hours

Question 16

Small Intestine

Answer 16

Chyme is slowly released into the small intestine. Bile, which is made in the liver, is released from the gallbladder into the small intestine and aids in fat digestion. Nutrients are absorbed through small intestine wall while enzymes from the pancreas and duodeneum complete digestion. (3-5 hours

Question 17

Large intestine

Answer 17

absorbs water as undigested material moves through. (10 hours- several days

Question 18

What is the function of the folds and villi in the small intestine?

Answer 18

to absorb nutrient molecules into the cells lining the small intestine

Question 19

What organs/tissues are part of the excretory system?

Answer 19

skin, lungs, liver, kidneys.

Question 20

Blood filtration in the kidneys occurs in two stages: filtration and reabsorption. Explain what happens in each stage.

Answer 20

The filtration of blood takes place in the glomerulus. The filtrate(food being filtered) contains water, urea, glucose, salts, amino acids, and some vitamins.<br></br><br></br>Reabsorption -process by which water and dissolved substances are taken back into the blood

Question 21

What controls kidney function?

Answer 21

nephrons

Question 22

Describe what happens in each of the digestive organs. The only digestive enzymes you need to know are amylase and pepsin.

Answer 22

1. Mouth-tear and grind food in small pieces. 1 min<br></br>2. Esophagus- bolus travels from mouth to stomach via esophagus. food is squeezed through by peristalsis 2-3 sec<br></br>3. Stomach- muscle contractions produce churning motion that breaks up food naf forms liquid mixture called chyme. 2-4 hours<br></br>4, Small Intestine- Chyme is slowly released into the small intestine. Bile, which is made in the liver, is released from the gallbladder into the small intestine and aids in fat digestion. Enzymes from the pancreas and duodenum complete digestion. Nutrients are absorbed through small intestine wall. 3-5 hours<br></br>5. Large intestine- The large intestine absorbs water as undigested material moves through and is eliminated from the body. 10 hours-several days