CH 32 study guide QUESTIONS

Question 1

What are the two divisions of the skeletal system?

Answer 1

Axial and appendicular skeleton

Question 2

Name and describe the five functions of the skeletal system

Answer 2

supports the body, protects internal organs, assists movement, stores minerals, and is a site of blood cell formation

Question 3

Describe the structure of a typical long bone.

Answer 3

A long none contains spongy bone and compact bone. Within compact bone are Haversian canals, which contain blood vessels and nerves.

Question 4

What are the three types of bone cells?

Answer 4

osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes

Question 5

What are the three types of joints?

Answer 5

immovable, slightly movable, freely movable

Question 6

describe the components of a join.

Answer 6

Ligaments, which hold bones together in a joint. synovial cavity, contains cells that produce a substance called synovial fluid, which enables the surfaces of the bones connected at the joint to slide over each other smoothly. Some freely movable joints have Bursae sacs which reduce friction between the bones of a joint and any tissues they come in contact with.

Question 7

List and explain the structure and function of each of the three types of muscle tissue

Answer 7

skeletal - alternating light and dark striations. responsible for voluntary movements<br></br><br></br>smooth- do not have striations, spindle-shaped. form walls of stomach, blood vessels, and intestines. responsible for involuntary movements such as decreasing size of pupils in bright light<br></br><br></br>cardiac- striated like skeletal muscle, but smaller cells. contract on their own<br></br>

Question 8

Explain the sliding-flament model of muscle contraction

Answer 8

Myosin filaments form cross-bridges with actin filaments. The cross bridges then change shape, pulling the actin filaments toward the center of the sarcomere.

Question 9

how are muscle contractions controlled?

Answer 9

impulses from motor neurons control the contraction of muscle fibers

Question 10

muscles only exert force in one direction. Why are you able to push and pull?

Answer 10

Because skeletal muscles work in opposing pairs. When one muscle in the pair contracts, the other muscle in the pair relaxes,

Question 11

What are the functions of the skin?

Answer 11

serves as a barrier against infection and injury, helps to regulate body temperature, removes wastes from the body, gathers information, and produces vitamin D.

Question 12

What tissues are part of the integumentary system?

Answer 12

skin, hair, nails, several types of glands.

Question 13

describe the structure of the skin.

Answer 13

epidermis-the outer layer of the skin<br></br>dermis- inner layer of the skin<br></br>hypodermis- bottom layer of skin in your body

Question 14

what cells produce skin pigment? What is the advantage of highly pigmented skin? What is the disadvantage?

Answer 14

melanin. It absorbs ultraviolet rays from the sun. Highly pigmented skin needs more sun to make vitamin D than lightly pigmented skin

Question 15

Describe pulmonary blood flow through the heart

Answer 15

in pulmonary circulation, in the lungs, carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood, and oxygen is absorbed by the blood. oxygen rich blood then flows to the left side of the heart.

Question 16

Describe systematic circulation in the heart

Answer 16

cells absorb much of the oxygen and load the blood with carbon dioxide. This now oxygen poor blood returns to the right side of the heart for another trip to the lungs to pick up oxygen

Question 17

What controls atrial contraction? ventricular contraction?

Answer 17

the pacemaker, or SinoAtrial node.; the AtrioVentricular node

Question 18

what are the three types of blood vessels?

Answer 18

arteries, capillaries, veins

Question 19

what do the two numbers in a blood pressure reading represent?

Answer 19

1st number: systolic pressure- the force in the arteries when the ventricles contract.<br></br>2nd number: diastolic pressure-the force in the arteries when the ventricles relax.

Question 20

explain the functions of blood plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets.

Answer 20

Blood plasma controls blood pressure, red blood cells transport oxygen, white blood cells guard cells against infection, fight parasites, and attack bacteria. platelets create blood clots to help stop bleeding

Question 21

what are the three functions of the lymphatic system?

Answer 21

collects the lymph that leaves capillaries, “screens” it for microorganisms, and returns it to the circulatory system.

Question 22

What is the function of the respiratory system?

Answer 22

to pick up oxygen from the air we inhale and release arbon dioxide into the air we exahle

Question 23

Air is filtered in two ways by the respiratory system. What are they?

Answer 23

the hair lining the entrance to the nasal cavity traps large particles , and the mucus that forms in the inner nasal cavity and sinuses which moistens the air and catches even more dust particles.

Question 24

Explain how gas exchange occurs in the lung tissue.

Answer 24

Oxygen and carbon idoxide are exchanged across the walls of alveoli and capillaries. Chemical properties of blood and red blood cells allow for efficient transport of gases throughout the body.

Question 25

How is oxygen transported in the blood? How is carbon dioxide transported. (there are three ways)

Answer 25

Hemoglobin binds with and transports oxygen that diffuses from alveoli to capillaries.;<br></br>1. Most carbon dioxide enters red blood cells and combines with water, forming carbonic acid.<br></br>2. The rest of it dissolves in plasma or binds to hemoglovin and proteins in plasma.<br></br><br></br>3. these processes are reversed in the lungs, where carbon dioxide is released into alveoli and exhaled<br></br>