CH 32 study guide QUESTIONS Flashcards
What are the two divisions of the skeletal system?
Axial and appendicular skeleton
Name and describe the five functions of the skeletal system
supports the body, protects internal organs, assists movement, stores minerals, and is a site of blood cell formation
Describe the structure of a typical long bone.
A long none contains spongy bone and compact bone. Within compact bone are Haversian canals, which contain blood vessels and nerves.
What are the three types of bone cells?
osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes
What are the three types of joints?
immovable, slightly movable, freely movable
describe the components of a join.
Ligaments, which hold bones together in a joint. synovial cavity, contains cells that produce a substance called synovial fluid, which enables the surfaces of the bones connected at the joint to slide over each other smoothly. Some freely movable joints have Bursae sacs which reduce friction between the bones of a joint and any tissues they come in contact with.
List and explain the structure and function of each of the three types of muscle tissue
skeletal - alternating light and dark striations. responsible for voluntary movements<br></br><br></br>smooth- do not have striations, spindle-shaped. form walls of stomach, blood vessels, and intestines. responsible for involuntary movements such as decreasing size of pupils in bright light<br></br><br></br>cardiac- striated like skeletal muscle, but smaller cells. contract on their own<br></br>
Explain the sliding-flament model of muscle contraction
Myosin filaments form cross-bridges with actin filaments. The cross bridges then change shape, pulling the actin filaments toward the center of the sarcomere.
how are muscle contractions controlled?
impulses from motor neurons control the contraction of muscle fibers
muscles only exert force in one direction. Why are you able to push and pull?
Because skeletal muscles work in opposing pairs. When one muscle in the pair contracts, the other muscle in the pair relaxes,
What are the functions of the skin?
serves as a barrier against infection and injury, helps to regulate body temperature, removes wastes from the body, gathers information, and produces vitamin D.
What tissues are part of the integumentary system?
skin, hair, nails, several types of glands.
describe the structure of the skin.
epidermis-the outer layer of the skin<br></br>dermis- inner layer of the skin<br></br>hypodermis- bottom layer of skin in your body
what cells produce skin pigment? What is the advantage of highly pigmented skin? What is the disadvantage?
melanin. It absorbs ultraviolet rays from the sun. Highly pigmented skin needs more sun to make vitamin D than lightly pigmented skin
Describe pulmonary blood flow through the heart
in pulmonary circulation, in the lungs, carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood, and oxygen is absorbed by the blood. oxygen rich blood then flows to the left side of the heart.
Describe systematic circulation in the heart
cells absorb much of the oxygen and load the blood with carbon dioxide. This now oxygen poor blood returns to the right side of the heart for another trip to the lungs to pick up oxygen
What controls atrial contraction? ventricular contraction?
the pacemaker, or SinoAtrial node.; the AtrioVentricular node
what are the three types of blood vessels?
arteries, capillaries, veins
what do the two numbers in a blood pressure reading represent?
1st number: systolic pressure- the force in the arteries when the ventricles contract.<br></br>2nd number: diastolic pressure-the force in the arteries when the ventricles relax.
explain the functions of blood plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets.
Blood plasma controls blood pressure, red blood cells transport oxygen, white blood cells guard cells against infection, fight parasites, and attack bacteria. platelets create blood clots to help stop bleeding
what are the three functions of the lymphatic system?
collects the lymph that leaves capillaries, “screens” it for microorganisms, and returns it to the circulatory system.
What is the function of the respiratory system?
to pick up oxygen from the air we inhale and release arbon dioxide into the air we exahle
Air is filtered in two ways by the respiratory system. What are they?
the hair lining the entrance to the nasal cavity traps large particles , and the mucus that forms in the inner nasal cavity and sinuses which moistens the air and catches even more dust particles.
Explain how gas exchange occurs in the lung tissue.
Oxygen and carbon idoxide are exchanged across the walls of alveoli and capillaries. Chemical properties of blood and red blood cells allow for efficient transport of gases throughout the body.
How is oxygen transported in the blood? How is carbon dioxide transported. (there are three ways)
Hemoglobin binds with and transports oxygen that diffuses from alveoli to capillaries.;<br></br>1. Most carbon dioxide enters red blood cells and combines with water, forming carbonic acid.<br></br>2. The rest of it dissolves in plasma or binds to hemoglovin and proteins in plasma.<br></br><br></br>3. these processes are reversed in the lungs, where carbon dioxide is released into alveoli and exhaled<br></br>
