Chapter 18

Question 0

Philosophes

Answer 0

Writers and educated people that met in salons (private gatherings)
Critical of church and state
French term referring to thinkers and critics of the Enlightenment era including Voltair and Rousseau

Question 1

The Enlightenment

Answer 1

18th Century (1715-1789)
Aka Age of Reason
Question authority of church and state
Intellectual movement brought confidence in human reason and workings of natural law from sciences into political and social thought.
Movement in France and Prussia and Austria spread throughout Europe

Question 2

Voltair

Answer 2

Writer of short poems
Insulted aristocrats
Exiled from France went to Britain came back with knowledge of freedom and wisdom
Embodied spirit of rationalism

Question 3

Adam Smith

Answer 3

Scottish economist that developed doctrine laissez-faire in his treaties the Wealth of Nations

Question 4

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Answer 4

French philosopher who imagined an egalitarian society governed by the general will in “The Social Contract” and was a sharp critic of aristocratic society

Ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity

Question 5

Salons

Answer 5

Regular gatherings in 18th-century Parisian private homes where Voltaire and other philosophers read and discussed their works, exchanged ideas

Was facilitated by female salonniers (salon leaders)

Question 6

Enlightened Despot

Answer 6

Reform-oriented rule of 18th-century monarchs
Enlightened despots applied Enlightenment remedies to economic problems and encouraged education and legal reform but did not dismantle elites’ privileges or share their own power

Question 7

Frederick the Great

Answer 7

Autocratic king of Prussia transformed the country into a major military power and sponsored enlightened reforms

Was an enlightened despot

Interested in philosophy, poetry, and enlarging army

Question 8

Maria Theresa

Answer 8

Able, great ruler. Loving and religious.
Habsburg archduchess of Austria and queen of Hungary and Bohemia who reformed and centralized the administration of her Austrian and Bohemian lands

Guided more by traditional concerns for effective rule and compassion for her subjects than by Enlightenment ideas

Question 9

Joseph II

Answer 9

Maria Theresa’s son
Followed her on the throne
Counted himself as follower of the Enlightenment
Carried out bold initiatives after Mother’s death such as freedom of press, freedom of religion, abolishment of serfdom

Question 10

Catherine the Great

Answer 10

Empress of Russia who through an astute policy of wars and alliances, expanded her country’s borders

An enlightened despot, she advanced westernizing reforms began by Peter the great

Question 11

Agricultural Revolution

Answer 11

Dramatic increase in food production from 16th to 18th centuries brought about changes in agricultural practices and cultivation of new crops and allowed the population of Europe to expand beyond the historic limits

Question 12

Montesquieu

Answer 12

Separation of government

Advocate of three branches of government: legislative, executive, and judicial

Question 13

David Hume

Answer 13

Atheist

Cause & Effect doctrine

Question 14

Dennis Diderot

Answer 14

Deism, supreme being, encyclopedia

Question 15

Battle of Culloden

Answer 15

Charles (Bonnie Prince Charlie) army, made up mostly of poor Highland clansmen, was destroyed by British army units

Question 16

Whigs

Answer 16

Political party formed during the reign of Charles II

Dominant influence of government most of century. Liberal Labour Party

Named derisively by their opponents with a Scottish term for horse thieves

Resisted Charles’s pro-French policies and his efforts to tolerate Catholicism

Generally represented interests of great aristocrats or wealthy merchants

Question 17

Tories

Answer 17

Political party represented interests of provincial gentry and traditional concerns of landholding and local administration conservative; means cattle rustler

Question 18

Robert Walpole

Answer 18

Great speaker who denied prime minister of Britain

From a minor gentry family

Brought into government with other Whig ministers in George I’s regime

1st Lord of treasury and chancellor of the exchequer

Question 19

Pugachev Rebellion

Answer 19

Principal result in a series of popular rebellions

Took place in Russia after Catherine II seized power in 1762 proclaimed end to serfdom

Question 20

Seven Years War

Answer 20

1756
The first major war between European nations (Britain and France) started and fought largely in their overseas empires

Frederick the Great initiated the land phase

Last major war in Europe until revolution started in America (French & Indian War)

Victory - Great Britain against France

Question 21

War of Austrian Seccession

Answer 21

Began after death of Charles VI

War began under the pretext that Maria Teresa was ineligible to succeed to the Hapsburg throne of her father Charles VI - Salic law precluded royal inheritance by woman
Reality - convenient excuse put forward by Prussia and France to challenge Habsburgs power

Sides: Austria & Great Britain; Prussia & France

Question 22

French and Indian War

Answer 22

American name for the Seven Years War

War fought between France and England

French greatly outnumbered so they used Indian allies

France ceded French Louisiana west of Mississippi River to its allies Spain in compensation for Spain’s loss to Britain of Florida

Question 23

Triangle Trade

Answer 23

Trade among 3 ports or regions

Links Europe, Africa, and European colonies in the Americas

Most important component of this trade for Europe was the plantation agriculture of the Caribbean Islands which depended on enslaved Africans for labor

Great profits, earliest slaves to New World 1647 by Dutch ships

Came to Caribbean to get sugar

Question 24

Cottage Industry

Answer 24

“Putting Out System”

Small-scale industry carried on at home by family members using their own equipment sewed together patches of cloth

Question 25

Mary Wollstonecraft

Answer 25

18th Century British writer, philosopher, and advocate of women’s rights

Wrote “The Vindication of the Rights of Women”