Chapter 18 Flashcards

1
Q

VO2

A

The ability to INTAKE,
TRANSPORT and
UTILIZE oxygen

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2
Q

VO2

A

The ability to INTAKE,
TRANSPORT and
UTILIZE oxygen

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3
Q

Oxygen is transported in the blood in two ways:

A

Bound to hemoglobin on RBCs. (Majority)
Dissolved in plasma.

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4
Q

At rest

Hemoglobin and plasma

A

Fully saturated Hemoglobin can carry ~20 mL O2/L blood

Plasma can maximally dissolve ~0.3 mL O2/L blood

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5
Q

Ficks Equation

A

VO2 = Q x A-V O2 difference
Q = HRxSV

Q = Cardiac output: total O2 content of Arterial and Venous

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6
Q

Total O2 content in Red Blood cells
PER 100ML OF BLOOD

A

Amount of Hemoglobin X Amount of O2 Bound to hemoglobin X % Saturation at a given PO2

Amount of Hemoglobin = 15/100

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7
Q

Oxyhemoglobin

HbO2

A

Found in Heme group
Has iron in the centre

1g of Hb transports 1.34ml of O2

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8
Q

Saturation of A and V blood

A

Saturation of Arterial blood is 100%
Saturation of Venous blood is closer to 75%

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9
Q

Partial Pressure of O2

Alveoli, Arterial blood, cells, Venous blood

A

Alveoli - 100 mmHg
Arterial blood - 100 mmHg
cells - ≤40 mmHg
Venous blood - ≤ 40 mmHg

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10
Q

Partial Pressures of CO2

Alveoli, Arterial blood, cells, Venous blood

A

Alveoli - 40 mmHg
Arterial blood - 40 mmHg
cells - ≥46 mmHg
Venous blood - ≥46 mmHg

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11
Q

Higher altitude and O2

A

Decreases pressure of O2

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11
Q

Higher altitude and O2

A

Decreases pressure of O2

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12
Q

Hypoxia

A

too little oxygen

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13
Q

Hypercapnia

A

increased concentrations of carbon dioxide

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14
Q

PH of Blood

A

7.37

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15
Q

Effect Gas exchange

A

Surface area (Emphysema
Diffusion barrier permeability
Diffusion Distance

16
Q

98%

A

oxygen binding to Hb

17
Q

Effects on O2 binding to Hb

A

pH. (goes down during exercise)
Temperature.
CO2. (More)
2,3-Diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG). (more glycolosis)

18
Q

CO2 Transport (3)

A

Dissolved in plasma. (7%)
Combined with bicarbonate (HCO3-) ions
Bound to Hb. (23%)

19
Q

CO2 role in Ventilation

A

Primary stimulus for ventilation changes

O2 and H+ play less of a role

20
Q

Respiratory neurons in the medulla

A

control inspiratory and expiratory muscles

21
Q

Rhythmic pattern

A

spontaneously discharging neurons

22
Q

Ventilation is subject to

A

continuous modulation by chemoreceptor- and mechanoreceptor-linked reflexes and higher brain centers

23
Q

Ventilation is subject to

A

chemoreceptor- and mechanoreceptor-and higher brain centers

24
How to stimulate peripheral chemoreceptors
PO2 must fall below 60 mmHg
25
How do central Chemoreceptors work in the body?
Central chemoreceptors monitor CO2 in cerebrospinal fluid - (the sensors are built into the fluid) - We are trading off H+ and CO2 in this process (this is buffering) - The central receptors do not directly interact with CO2 (it is a secondary messenger system)