Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Kin 101 FINAL > Chapter 14 (The Heart) > Flashcards

Chapter 14 (The Heart) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Physics 101 flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Systemic Circulation

A

Vessels that carry blood away from the left side of the heart, to the tissues, and back to the right heart
Includes Arteries and Veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Arteries and Veins

A

A - Carry Oxygenated blood from left ventricles
V - Carry Deoxygenated blood back to the right atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Pulminary Circulation

A

Goes from right side of heart to left side
Includes blood vessels that go:
From the right ventricle to the lungs: Pulmonary Arteries.
From the lungs to the left atrium: Pulmonary Veins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Heart Position

A

Lies in the center of the thorax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Primary function of CVS

CVS= Cardiovascular system

A

Transport of nutrients, water, gases, wastes, and chemical signals to and from all parts of the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Is CVS a closed or open system?

A

Closed loop system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

4 chambers of the heart

A

2 atria, 2 ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

CVS

Includes, Transport, Waste elimination

A

Heart (pump), Blood (fluid), Blood vessels including capillaries (tubes)
Transports materials throughout the body
- From external environment: nutrients, water, and gases
- Materials between cells: hormones, immune cells, antibodies
“Waste” eliminated by cells - CO2, heat, metabolic waste

Waste - nothing is really weight when thinking about mass balance and ho

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does blood flow?

A

Ohm’s Law
Flow = Δ Pressure / Resistance

The Physiological Equivalent:
Q = MAP/R total peripheral

R = Total resistance in the
vessels

Need to me memorized & number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

MAP = Q x R total peripheral

A

MAP = NET driving pressure = ΔP = P1-P2
Q = flow due to central factors = (HR x SV)
R = to resistance due to peripheral factors = diameter or r4

Adjusted to maintain homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Q increases, R stays the same, What will happen to MAP?

A

It will increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Resistance

A

inversely proportional to resistance due to resistance
Flow = 1/R
Small changes in resistance lead to big impacts for flow

increase in resistance = decreased flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Resistence depends on

R=resistance
r=radius

A

Length of the tube (L) - R=L
Radius of tube - R = 1/r4
Viscosity (n) of the fluid - R=n

R increases as L and η increase, and r decreases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Radius

A

Physiolgically regulated
Vasodilation - r increases, R decreases, blood flow increases
Vasoconstriction - r decreases, R increases, blood flow decreases
… Has greatest effect on resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Blood flow

A

Down a pressure gradient (ΔP) (proportional to fluid flow)
Highest pressure (aorta) to lower pressure (vena cava & pulmonary veins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Driving pressure

A

Pressure of blood created when ventricles contract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Flow rate

A

Volume of blood that passes per unit of time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Dialation and pressure relationship

A

dialation increase = pressure decreases
Dialation decreases = pressure increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Pressure gradient

A

Difference in pressure b/w 2 regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Pressure gradient

A

Difference in pressure b/w 2 regions

20
Q

What are the 2 movements of fluid

A

Dynamic (kinetic energy) and lateral (hydrostatic pressure)

21
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

: pressure exerted (in all directions) by a fluid not in motion

22
Q

Look at slide 24

A

Math

23
Q

Layers of the heart

A

Endocardium (Inner) - Endothelial cells
Myocardium (middle) - Cardiac muscles
Epicardium (outer) - External membrane (also attached to pericardial sac)

24
Q

Paracardium

A

Mebranous sac encasing heart, fused to diaphram, holds paracardial fluid

25
Q

pericardial fluid

A

lubricates and allows the heart (myocardium) to operate in a friction free environment.

26
Q

Ventricular Wall Thickness

Which one and why

A

Left is thicker b/c it pumps blood to the whole body, so it need the increased pressure

27
Q

Endocariogram

A

Provides information on:
The size and shape of the heart,
Its pumping strength, and
The location and extent of any damage.
useful for assessing diseases of the heart valves and cardiac hypertrophy.

28
Q

Myocardial Muscle

A
  • Branched
  • attached by intercalated disks
  • have a single nucleus
29
Q

Action potential shape of authorythmic and contractile cells

A

authorythmic - has ine sharp point
contractile - looks like a lowercase N

30
Q

what allows the heart to squeeze the blood up?

A

the spiral muscle arrangement (produce a wringing motion)

31
Q

Desmosomes and Gap junctions

A

Both found in Cadiac muscle
D: Strong protein that surrounds sarcomeres and bind neighbouring sarcomeres.
Allow force to be transferred.
GJ: Provide electrical connection.
Electrical signals are rapidly transmitted via these protein pores providing the basis for SYNCHRONOUS CONTRACTION.
allows for rapid cell depolarization

32
Q

Cardiac muscles Structures

A

1) Single nucleus per fiber.
2) Distinctive short rectangular shape.
- Are smaller compared to skeletal muscle
3) Spontaneously Contract
- Pacemaker cells within the sinoatrial (SA) node control rate
4) Branch and join neighboring cardiac cells through intercalated disks, which are comprised of
- Desmosomes hold cells together
- Gap Junctions move ions
5) Ca2+ is sequestered in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) as in skeletal muscle but SR is less voluminous.
- Cardiac muscle depends partly on extracellular Ca2+.
6) t-tubular network is more extensive than skeletal muscle
- Allows rapid, synchronous excitation-contraction coupling.
7) Large volume of mitochondria (~ 1/3rd of volume).
- This feature is due to the dependence of the heart on aerobic ATP production.

32
Q

Cardiac muscles Structures

A

1) Single nucleus per fiber.
2) Distinctive short rectangular shape.
- Are smaller compared to skeletal muscle
3) Spontaneously Contract
- Pacemaker cells within the sinoatrial (SA) node control rate
4) Branch and join neighboring cardiac cells through intercalated disks, which are comprised of
- Desmosomes hold cells together
- Gap Junctions move ions
5) Ca2+ is sequestered in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) as in skeletal muscle but SR is less voluminous.
- Cardiac muscle depends partly on extracellular Ca2+.
6) t-tubular network is more extensive than skeletal muscle
- Allows rapid, synchronous excitation-contraction coupling.
7) Large volume of mitochondria (~ 1/3rd of volume).
- This feature is due to the dependence of the heart on aerobic ATP production.

33
Q

What ensures one way flow in the heart

A

The 2 sets of valves
Mitral/bicuspid valve
Tricuspid valve
Aortic semilunar valve
Pulminary semilunar valve

34
Q

how does Cardiac muscle differ from skeletal muscle?

A

1)Smaller and have a single nucleus per fiber

2)Branch and join neighboring cells through intercalated disks

3)Gap junctions

4)T-tubules are larger and branch

5)Sarcoplasmic reticulum is smaller

6)Mitochondria occupy one-third of cell volume

35
Q

What is the type of most cardiac muscle?

A

striated muscle

36
Q

Contractile cells

contain

A

have striated fibers in sarcomeres

37
Q

Authorythmic cells

A

Where signal for contraction originates
Noncontractile myocardium
Not orginized sarcomeres

38
Q

Action potential of a cardiac contractile cell

A

0- Na+ channels open
1- Na+ channels close
2- Ca2+ channels open; fast K+ channels close
3- Ca2+ channels close; slow K+ channels open
4- Resting potential

39
Q

EC coupling in cardiac muscles Steps

A

14.1 - 55-58

40
Q

What is determined by how much Ca+ binds to troponin?

A

The number of active crossbridges

40
Q

What is determined by how much Ca+ binds to troponin?

A

The number of active crossbridges

41
Q

Action potential Authorythmic cells

A
  • unstable membrane potential
  • membrane potential never rests
  • Called pacemaker potential
42
Q

Table 14.3 Comparison of Action Potentials in Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle

A

slide 68

43
Q

what causes steep depolarization in authorythmic cells?

A

Caused by Ca+ influx

44
Q

where do action potentials start in the heart

A

Pacemaker cells

45
Q

Pacemaker potential

A

When the autorythmic cells depolarize on it’s own

46
Q

Funny Na+ channels open spontaneously at

A

-60mV

Kin 101 FINAL (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions