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Kin 101 FINAL > Chapter 14.2 > Flashcards

Chapter 14.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

P wave

A

The SA node depolarizes and then the atria

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2
Q

Q-wave

A

The SA node depolarizes and then the bundle branches located in the septum

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3
Q

Q-wave

A

The SA node depolarizes and then the bundle branches located in the septum

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4
Q

R wave

A

The Purkinge fibers depolarize (located in the apex and outer walls of the heart)

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5
Q

Electrocardiogram

A

Shows summed electrical activity generated by all the cells of the heart

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5
Q

Electrocardiogram

A

Shows summed electrical activity generated by all the cells of the heart

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6
Q

ECG components

A

Waves: deflections above or below baseline.
Segments: sections of baseline between waves.
Intervals: combinations of waves and segments

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7
Q

P QRS T

A

Atrial Depolarization
Ventricular depolarization & atrial repolarization
Ventricular repolariation

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7
Q

P QRS T

A

Atrial Depolarization
Ventricular depolarization
Ventricular repolariation

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8
Q

PR segment

A

Time between end of atrial depolarization and onset of ventricular depolarization.
Conduction through the AV node and continuing Atrial Contraction.

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9
Q

ST Segment

A

Time between end of ventricular depolarization and onset of ventricular repolarization.
Continuing Ventricular Contraction

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10
Q

Pulse rate

A

time between pressure waves in an artery

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11
Q

Systolic Pressure

A

Highest pressure in the ventricles and arteries.
Occurs during ventricular systole

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12
Q

Diastolic Pressure

A

Lowest pressure in the ventricles and arteries.
Occurs during ventricular diastole.

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13
Q

Pulse Pressure

A

Difference between the systolic & diastolic pressures
Pulse Pressure = SYS-DIA

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14
Q

What does each wave represent

A

AN electrical event of cardiac cycle

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15
Q

What comes first, Electrical/Mechanical Events?

A

Electrical

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15
Q

What comes first, Electrical/Mechanical Events?

A

Electrical

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16
Q

Where do action potentials originate

A

SA node

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17
Q

Pathway of electrical signals

A

SA node - internodal pathway - AV node - into the AV bundle - bundle branches - terminal Purkinje fibers - myocardial contractile cells

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18
Q

SA node job

A

To set pace for heart rate, and AV takes over if anything goes wrong

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19
Q

Systole and Diastole

A

Systole is the contraction phase;
Diastole is the relaxation phase

20
Q

What is the heart rate?

A

Heart rate: time between two R waves or two P waves
Faster than normal: tachycardia
Slower than normal: bradycardia

21
Q

5 stages of cardiac cycle

A

1) Heart is at rest, all chambers are in diastole
-Atria are filling, and AV opens causing ventricles to fill
2) Ventricles filled, Atrial systole
- Atrials contract, EDV (volume in ventricle when relaxed)
3)Early ventricular contraction & first heart sound
- AV closure causes “lub” sound
- isovolumic ventricular contraction (blood stays put)
4) Heart pumps: blood leaves ventricles
- Semilunar valves open, in arteries
- ESV (volume in ventricle at the end of ventricular contraction)
5) Ventricular relaxation and 2nd heart sound
- “dub”

21
Q

5 stages of cardiac cycle

A

1) Heart is at rest, all chambers are in diastole
-Atria are filling, and AV opens causing ventricles to fill
2) Ventricles filled, Atrial systole
- Atrials contract, EDV (volume in ventricle when relaxed)
3)Early ventricular contraction & first heart sound
- AV closure causes “lub” sound
- isovolumic ventricular contraction (blood stays put)
4) Heart pumps: blood leaves ventricles
- Semilunar valves open, in arteries
- ESV (volume in ventricle at the end of ventricular contraction)
5) Ventricular relaxation and 2nd heart sound
- “dub”

22
Q

Parasympathetic nerves on heart rate

A

Decreases heart rate
decreased rate of depolarization
K+ permeability increases

23
Q

Sympathetic nerves on heart rate

A

Increases heart rate
Increased rate of depolarization
β1-adrenergic receptors in node
Na+ and Ca++ permeability increases

24
Q

Autorythmic (intrinsic firing) HR

heart rate

A

Parasympathetic control = 70
Symohathetic = 220-age

25
Q

What causes increase in pacemaker depolarization?

A

Epi and Norepinephrine act on B1-receptors

26
Q

What hyperpolarizes the pacemakers

A

Acetylcholine on muscarinic receptors

27
Q

Stroke volume

Avg=70mL

A

The amount of blood pumped by one ventricle during one contraction
SV= EDV-ESV

End Diastolic Volume - End Systolic Volume

28
Q

end-diastolic volume

A

volume of blood at the end of ventricular filling

29
Q

what happens during isovolumic contraction

A

ventricular blood volume does not change, but pressure rises.

30
Q

When do the semilunar valves open?

A

When ventricular pressure exceeds arterial pressure

30
Q

When do the semilunar valves open?

A

When ventricular pressure exceeds arterial pressure

31
Q

end-systolic volume

A

The volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of contraction

32
Q

end-systolic volume

A

The volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of contraction

33
Q

what creates heart sounds

A

1- Closure of the AV valves
2- the semilunar valves close

34
Q

Cardiac output

Avg=5L/min

A

Volume of blood pumped per ventricle during a given period of time.
- indicates total blood flow through circulation
- Measures cardiac performance.
Q or CO =HRxSV

35
Q

Ejection Fraction

A

% of EDV ejected with a single contraction.
EF = SV/EDV x100
eg. EF = 70 ml/beat ÷ 135 ml × 100 =
EF = 52%

36
Q

Homeostatic changes in cardiac output

A

varying heart rate, stroke volume, or both

36
Q

Homeostatic changes in cardiac output

A

varying heart rate, stroke volume, or both

37
Q

Starling law of the heart

A

SV is proportional to EDV

38
Q

Venous return is affected by

A

skeletal muscle pump
respiratory pump
sympathetic innervation of veins

39
Q

Factors that Effect SV

A

1) Preload -initial stretching of the cardiac muscle cells prior to contraction
2) Contractility - intrinsic strength of the cardiac muscle independent of preload
3) Afterload -‘load’ to which the heart must pump against.

40
Q

length and tension of sarcomere

A

Longer it is the greater tension there will be

41
Q

intropic Agent

A

medicine that changes the force that your heart contracts
(norepinephrine increases stroke volume)

42
Q

Catacholamines

Definition, eg, binding site, effects

A

Increases cardiac contractions (eg. Epi/Norepinepherine)
Bind to - B1-receptors
effects - increased voltage-gated Ca+ channels, and phospholamban

43
Q

How to increase stroke volume

A

Increase End Diastolic Volume.
- More blood in the ventricle to be ejected.
- Preload.
Increase Ejection Fraction.
- More of the blood in the ventricle is ejected.
- Contractility.

44
Q

how to increase Blood Volume in ventricles? (EDV)

A

Increased Venous Return
- The amount of blood that returns to the heart from venous circulation.
- Venous return is affected by:
- - Skeletal Muscle Pump.
- - Respiratory Pump.
- - Venous constriction.

45
Q

What does contraction of muscles help with?

A

compresses veins and pushes blood toward the hear

46
Q

Venous Constriction

Cause

A

Increased sympathetic activity causes veins to constrict.
- Volume of blood in vein decrease

47
Q

Hyoertension (increased blood pressure)

A

Associated with increased afterload

48
Q

what indicates afterload?

A

Mean Arterial pressure

Kin 101 FINAL (8 decks)

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