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Kin 101 FINAL > Chapter 14.2 > Flashcards

Chapter 14.2 Flashcards

1
Q

P wave

A

The SA node depolarizes and then the atria

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2
Q

Q-wave

A

The SA node depolarizes and then the bundle branches located in the septum

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3
Q

Q-wave

A

The SA node depolarizes and then the bundle branches located in the septum

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4
Q

R wave

A

The Purkinge fibers depolarize (located in the apex and outer walls of the heart)

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5
Q

Electrocardiogram

A

Shows summed electrical activity generated by all the cells of the heart

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5
Q

Electrocardiogram

A

Shows summed electrical activity generated by all the cells of the heart

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6
Q

ECG components

A

Waves: deflections above or below baseline.
Segments: sections of baseline between waves.
Intervals: combinations of waves and segments

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7
Q

P QRS T

A

Atrial Depolarization
Ventricular depolarization & atrial repolarization
Ventricular repolariation

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7
Q

P QRS T

A

Atrial Depolarization
Ventricular depolarization
Ventricular repolariation

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8
Q

PR segment

A

Time between end of atrial depolarization and onset of ventricular depolarization.
Conduction through the AV node and continuing Atrial Contraction.

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9
Q

ST Segment

A

Time between end of ventricular depolarization and onset of ventricular repolarization.
Continuing Ventricular Contraction

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10
Q

Pulse rate

A

time between pressure waves in an artery

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11
Q

Systolic Pressure

A

Highest pressure in the ventricles and arteries.
Occurs during ventricular systole

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12
Q

Diastolic Pressure

A

Lowest pressure in the ventricles and arteries.
Occurs during ventricular diastole.

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13
Q

Pulse Pressure

A

Difference between the systolic & diastolic pressures
Pulse Pressure = SYS-DIA

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14
Q

What does each wave represent

A

AN electrical event of cardiac cycle

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15
Q

What comes first, Electrical/Mechanical Events?

A

Electrical

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15
Q

What comes first, Electrical/Mechanical Events?

A

Electrical

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16
Q

Where do action potentials originate

A

SA node

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17
Q

Pathway of electrical signals

A

SA node - internodal pathway - AV node - into the AV bundle - bundle branches - terminal Purkinje fibers - myocardial contractile cells

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18
Q

SA node job

A

To set pace for heart rate, and AV takes over if anything goes wrong

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19
Q

Systole and Diastole

A

Systole is the contraction phase;
Diastole is the relaxation phase

20
Q

What is the heart rate?

A

Heart rate: time between two R waves or two P waves
Faster than normal: tachycardia
Slower than normal: bradycardia

21
Q

5 stages of cardiac cycle

A

1) Heart is at rest, all chambers are in diastole
-Atria are filling, and AV opens causing ventricles to fill
2) Ventricles filled, Atrial systole
- Atrials contract, EDV (volume in ventricle when relaxed)
3)Early ventricular contraction & first heart sound
- AV closure causes “lub” sound
- isovolumic ventricular contraction (blood stays put)
4) Heart pumps: blood leaves ventricles
- Semilunar valves open, in arteries
- ESV (volume in ventricle at the end of ventricular contraction)
5) Ventricular relaxation and 2nd heart sound
- “dub”

21
5 stages of cardiac cycle
1) Heart is at rest, all chambers are in diastole -Atria are filling, and AV opens causing ventricles to fill 2) Ventricles filled, Atrial systole - Atrials contract, EDV (volume in ventricle when relaxed) 3)Early ventricular contraction & first heart sound - AV closure causes "lub" sound - isovolumic ventricular contraction (blood stays put) 4) Heart pumps: blood leaves ventricles - Semilunar valves open, in arteries - ESV (volume in ventricle at the end of ventricular contraction) 5) Ventricular relaxation and 2nd heart sound - "dub"
22
Parasympathetic nerves on heart rate
Decreases heart rate decreased rate of depolarization K+ permeability increases
23
Sympathetic nerves on heart rate
Increases heart rate Increased rate of depolarization β1-adrenergic receptors in node Na+ and Ca++ permeability increases
24
Autorythmic (intrinsic firing) HR | heart rate
Parasympathetic control = 70 Symohathetic = 220-age
25
What causes increase in pacemaker depolarization?
Epi and Norepinephrine act on B1-receptors
26
What hyperpolarizes the pacemakers
Acetylcholine on muscarinic receptors
27
Stroke volume | Avg=70mL
The amount of blood pumped by one ventricle during one contraction SV= EDV-ESV | End Diastolic Volume - End Systolic Volume
28
end-diastolic volume
volume of blood at the end of ventricular filling
29
what happens during isovolumic contraction
ventricular blood volume does not change, but pressure rises.
30
When do the semilunar valves open?
When ventricular pressure exceeds arterial pressure
30
When do the semilunar valves open?
When ventricular pressure exceeds arterial pressure
31
end-systolic volume
The volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of contraction
32
end-systolic volume
The volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of contraction
33
what creates heart sounds
1- Closure of the AV valves 2- the semilunar valves close
34
Cardiac output | Avg=5L/min
Volume of blood pumped per ventricle during a given period of time. - indicates total blood flow through circulation - Measures cardiac performance. Q or CO =HRxSV
35
Ejection Fraction
% of EDV ejected with a single contraction. EF = SV/EDV x100 eg. EF = 70 ml/beat ÷ 135 ml × 100 = EF = 52%
36
Homeostatic changes in cardiac output
varying heart rate, stroke volume, or both
36
Homeostatic changes in cardiac output
varying heart rate, stroke volume, or both
37
Starling law of the heart
SV is proportional to EDV
38
Venous return is affected by
skeletal muscle pump respiratory pump sympathetic innervation of veins
39
Factors that Effect SV
1) Preload -initial stretching of the cardiac muscle cells prior to contraction 2) Contractility - intrinsic strength of the cardiac muscle independent of preload 3) Afterload -‘load’ to which the heart must pump against.
40
length and tension of sarcomere
Longer it is the greater tension there will be
41
intropic Agent
medicine that changes the force that your heart contracts (norepinephrine increases stroke volume)
42
Catacholamines | Definition, eg, binding site, effects
Increases cardiac contractions (eg. Epi/Norepinepherine) Bind to - B1-receptors effects - increased voltage-gated Ca+ channels, and phospholamban
43
How to increase stroke volume
Increase End Diastolic Volume. - More blood in the ventricle to be ejected. - Preload. Increase Ejection Fraction. - More of the blood in the ventricle is ejected. - Contractility.
44
how to increase Blood Volume in ventricles? (EDV)
Increased Venous Return - The amount of blood that returns to the heart from venous circulation. - Venous return is affected by: - - Skeletal Muscle Pump. - - Respiratory Pump. - - Venous constriction.
45
What does contraction of muscles help with?
compresses veins and pushes blood toward the hear
46
Venous Constriction | Cause
Increased sympathetic activity causes veins to constrict. - Volume of blood in vein decrease
47
Hyoertension (increased blood pressure)
Associated with increased afterload
48
what indicates afterload?
Mean Arterial pressure

Kin 101 FINAL (8 decks)

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