chapter 15 Flashcards

1
Q

Blood volume difference

A

Male blood - 5 litters in males
Femal blood - 4 litters in females
Circulate all litters of blood per minute

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2
Q

Blood vessel structures

A

Arteries- Biggest
- Act as pressure reservoir
- Thick layers of vascular smooth muscles
- Lots of elastic and fibrous connective tissue
Arterioles
- Site of variable resistance
- Part of the microcirculation
- Less elastic and more muscular
Metarterioles - Smallest
- Branches of arterioles
- Partial smooth muscle layer
- Precapillary sphincters open and close to direct blood flow to capillaries or venous circulation

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3
Q

Angiogenesis

A

development of new blood vessels
- Necessary for normal development
- Enhances heart and skeletal muscle blood flow

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4
Q

Capillaries

A

Thinnest walls
single layer of epithelial cells
support - basal lamina
density is related to metabolic activity

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5
Q

Venules

A

Receive blood from capillaries
Thin exchange epithelium
Little connective tissue
Convergent pattern of flow

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6
Q

Veins

A

Thin walls of vascular smooth muscles
Contain one-way valves, prevent backward flow
More numerous than arteries
Lie closer to the body surface
Less elastic tissue

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6
Q

Veins

A

Thin walls of vascular smooth muscles
Contain one-way valves, prevent backward flow
More numerous than arteries
Lie closer to the body surface
Less elastic tissue

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7
Q

Site of exchange for blood and interstitial fluid?

A

Capilaries and postcapilary venules

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8
Q

inner layer is endothelium

A

secretes paracrine factors
Regulates blood pressure, blood vessel growth, and absorption

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8
Q

How does blood flow?

A

Ohms Law
Flow = pressure/resistance
or
Q = MAP / R
if mmHg (P) is the same then flow is the same

Flows when there is a + pressure gradient, does not depend on absolute P

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9
Q

Posouilles Law

R = resistence

A

v = viscosity
l = length
r^4 = radius
R = 8lv / r4π

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10
Q

Total Cross sectional

A

increases as blood vessels branch
Each branching vessel is smaller but the combined diameter (total area where blood can flow) is greater!

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11
Q

Velocity of blood

A

as CSA increases, Velocity will decrease

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12
Q

TPR

A

Total peripheral resistance
greater TPR = Harder for blood to flow

Length, viscocity and diameter effect resistence*

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12
Q

TPR

A

Total peripheral resistance
greater TPR = Harder for blood to flow

Length, viscocity and diameter effect resistence*

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13
Q

What Effects MAP

A

blood Volume
Cardiac output
Resistence of blood flow
Distribution of blood b/w venous and arterial vessels
MAP = QxR
or
MAP - DIA + (1/3 (SYS-DIA))

Q=Cardiac output
DIA = Dialstolic Pressure

14
Q

What maintains blood flow during ventricular relaxation

A

elastic systemic arteries

15
Q

Pulse pressure

16
Q

MATH SV, Q, EF%

A

SV = EDV - ESV
Q = HRxSV
EF = (SV / EDV) x 100

16
Q

MATH SV, Q, EF%

A

SV = EDV - ESV
Q = HRxSV
EF = (SV / EDV) x 100

17
Q

Desirable Blood Pressure

A

120/80 (SYS and DIA) or less

17
Q

Desirable Blood Pressure

A

120/80 (SYS and DIA) or less

18
Q

Hypotension vs Hypertension

MAP

A

Hypotension is lower than normal M A P, hypertension is higher than normal M A P

18
Q

Hyperemia

A

Local increase in blood flow
active - Increases metabolism, increases blood flow, Arterioles dialate, Nutrient and )2 supply to tissue would increase

19
Influences of Arteriole resistence
Locally or systematically controlled
20
Myogenic autoregulation
adjusts blood flow
21
Paracrine signals
influence vascular smooth muscle. Released and reacts close by secreted by epithelium or cells
21
What system effects vessel diameter
Symoathetic system
22
Catecholamines: Types
Nuerotransmitter - norepi Neurohormone - epi
23
Specificity of receptors eg
Only adregenic receptors bind to the two types of catacholamines
24
Catecholamines: Receptors
Alpha receptors—most common symp receptor—respond strongly to NE β1-receptors- respond equally strongly to norepinephrine and epinephrine. β2-receptors more sensitive to E
25
Tonic modulation
Signals increase = vessels constrict Signals decrease = vessels dialate
25
B2 | location
Sensitive to Epi Found in vessels leading to heart, skeletal muscle, and liver
25
B2 | location
Sensitive to Epi Found in vessels leading to heart, skeletal muscle, and liver
26
EPi effect on different receptors | released by adrenal medulla
a1 = consriction B2 = dialates
27
Kidney is responsible for
Removing excess fluid
28
If blood volume decrease, then pressure decreases
Lost fluid volume compensated through drinking (slow) or intravenous infusion (rapid) Vasoconstriction and (rapid) Sympathetic stimulation of heart (rapid)