- Albumins - Most prevalent in plasma and in Colloid Osmotic pressure, - Globulins - Fibrinogen - Clotting protien - Transferrin Functions blood clotting, defense, and as hormones, enzymes, or carriers for different substances

Chapter 16 (Blood) Flashcards by Simra Qureshi

Extracellular Matrix of blood

Plasma

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What makes up Plasma

Water - 92%
Protiens (A, G, F, T)
Ions
Gasses

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Plasma Functions and Managment

Transports materials around the body.
Solvent for cellular elements.
Managements
Primarily by THE KIDNEYS.
Involves the absorption and excretion of water.

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Colloid Osmotic Pressure

Created by Plasma Proteins
Not equivelent to total osmotic pressure of Capillaries
Pressure is Higher in plasma then in intewrstial fluid, causing water to go from the interstitial fluid to the capillaries

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Plasma Proteins

Albumins - Most prevalent in plasma and in Colloid Osmotic pressure,
Globulins
Fibrinogen - Clotting protien
Transferrin
Functions
blood clotting, defense, and as hormones, enzymes, or carriers for different substances

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Composition of blood

RBCs - erythrocytes
Platelets – split off from megakaryocytes (not cells, cell fragments)
White blood cells (WBCs) – also called leukocytes (LMNO(e)P(b))

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What are the different types of leukocytes? (LMNOP)

L- Lymphocytes
M- Monocytes
N- Neutrophils
E- Eosinophils
B- Basophils

Phagocytes
Granulocytes

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Phagocytes

specialize in “eating” bacteria and other foreign particles. Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Neutrophils

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Granulocytes

White blood cell whose cytoplasmic inclusions give it a granular appearance: basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils

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Complete blood count

CBC
Mean corpuscular volume (M C V): the average volume of one red blood cell. (corpuscle is an unnatached cell)
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (M C H): amount of hemoglobin per R B C
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (M C H C): the amount of hemoglobin per volume of one red blood cell

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Hematocrit

percentage of total blood volume that is occupied by packed (centrifuged) red blood cells.

ratio of red blood cells to plasma, expressed as a percentage

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How toknow the oxygen-carrying capacity of RBCs?

The value of Hemoglobin

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Oxyhemoglobin = HbO2

Hb binds reversibly to O2. (If fully saturated, 1 gram of Hb can transport 1.34 ml of O2.)

Look at slide 13

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Anemia

when you do not have enough RBCs/when they do not function properly

Look at slides

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How to test WBCs

Total white blood cell count - includes all types of leukocytes, but no differentiation b/w LMNEB
Differentiatial White cell count - estimates amount of of each LMNEB

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Platelets (fragments of cells called megakaryocytes) test

Suggests bloods ability to clot

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Where are blood cells produced?

In bone marrow (red bone marrow is red b/c of active hemoglobin, yellow has adipose tissue=inactive)

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Hematopoiesis

Production of Blood Cells
Hematopoiesis is Controlled by cytokines (EPO, TPO, ect…)

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Cytokines

Proteins released from one cell that affect the growth or activity of another cell.

Leukopoiesis

Production of white blood cells
Regulated by Colony stimulating factors

Blood cell production

Colony stimulating factors regulate leukopoiesis
- CSFs
- Leukopoiesis: production of white blood cells
Thrombopoietin regulates platelet production
- TPO
Erythopoietin regulates red blood cell production
-EPO
-Erythropoiesis: production of red blood cells

What blood cells lack a nucleus

Mature RBCs and platelets

What blood cells lack a nucleus

Mature RBCs
- Allows for shape changes to fit in really small spaces
- Causes lack of cells division

Morphology

Study of forms and structure
Gives clues to presence of disease (eg. Sickle cell anemia)

Bone marrow

where blood is produced, and is highly vascularized, and lined with epithelium. Red - Filled with active hemoglobin Yellow - inactive Adipose tissues

Leukopoiesis Erythropoiesis

Production of WBCs Production of RBCs

Regulation of Erythropoiesis

- Controlled by ERYTHROPOIETIN (EPO). - Stimulus for EPO release is low O2 levels in the tissue (HYPOXIA). - Hypoxia stimulates Hypoxia-inducible Factor 1 (HIF-1). - This turns on the EPO gene to increase EPO synthesis in the kidneys. - Increases RBC production in the bone marrow. | O2 levels drop = increase level of RBCs production

Biconcave disc of RBCs | Pros

Increases surface for diffusion, and allows flexibility, addapts to osmotic changes in blood

What is Iron required for | Look at slide 26

Hemoglobin synthesis

RBC lifespan | Look @ slide 29

Lives for about 120 days (4 months) Live less in runners

What do all blood cells start out as?

a pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell

What do all blood cells start out as?

a pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell

Jaundice cause

by elevated bilirubin concentrations in blood

Platelets | appearence, size, life span, and job

- Cell fragments from megakaryocytes - Smaller than RBCs - 10 life span (small b/c they are just fragments) - Contain mitochondria, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, granules (membrane-bound vesicles containing cytokines & growth factors) - Important for clotting, immunity and inflamation

What determines megakaryocyte activity

Thrombopoietin

What determines megakaryocyte activity

Thrombopoietin

Hemostasis

Prevents blood loss from damaged vessels/the process of blood clot formation at the site of vessel injury Begins with vasoconstriction and the formation of a platelet

Platelet plug formation

1) Exposed collagen binds and activates platelets 2) Released platelet factors 3) Factors attract more platelets 4) Platelets aggragate (cluster) into a platelet plug

Coagulation

Converts a platelet plud into a clot

Coagulation

Converts a platelet plug into a clot

Pathways to thrombin formation

Intrinsic pathway - known as contact activation pathway Extrinsic pathway - known as cell injury pathway

Thrombus

A blood clot that adheres to an undamaged Blood vessel wall

What limits extent of clotting

Inhibition of platelet adhesion Inhibition of the coagulation cascade and fibrin production (fibrin fibers become part of clot)

Endogenous anticoagulants

limits coagulation (clotting) they include: heparin, antithrombin III, protein C

Hemophilia

several diseases in which one of the factors in the coagulation cascade is defective or lacking

Look at Slides for processes

Focus on slides after 26