Chapter 16 (Blood) Flashcards
Extracellular Matrix of blood
Plasma
What makes up Plasma
Water - 92%
Protiens (A, G, F, T)
Ions
Gasses
Plasma Functions and Managment
Transports materials around the body.
Solvent for cellular elements.
Managements
Primarily by THE KIDNEYS.
Involves the absorption and excretion of water.
Colloid Osmotic Pressure
Created by Plasma Proteins
Not equivelent to total osmotic pressure of Capillaries
Pressure is Higher in plasma then in intewrstial fluid, causing water to go from the interstitial fluid to the capillaries
Plasma Proteins
- Albumins - Most prevalent in plasma and in Colloid Osmotic pressure,
- Globulins
- Fibrinogen - Clotting protien
- Transferrin
Functions
blood clotting, defense, and as hormones, enzymes, or carriers for different substances
Composition of blood
RBCs - erythrocytes
Platelets – split off from megakaryocytes (not cells, cell fragments)
White blood cells (WBCs) – also called leukocytes (LMNO(e)P(b))
What are the different types of leukocytes? (LMNOP)
L- Lymphocytes
M- Monocytes
N- Neutrophils
E- Eosinophils
B- Basophils
Phagocytes
Granulocytes
Phagocytes
specialize in “eating” bacteria and other foreign particles. Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Neutrophils
Granulocytes
White blood cell whose cytoplasmic inclusions give it a granular appearance: basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils
Complete blood count
CBC
Mean corpuscular volume (M C V): the average volume of one red blood cell. (corpuscle is an unnatached cell)
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (M C H): amount of hemoglobin per R B C
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (M C H C): the amount of hemoglobin per volume of one red blood cell
Hematocrit
percentage of total blood volume that is occupied by packed (centrifuged) red blood cells.
ratio of red blood cells to plasma, expressed as a percentage
How toknow the oxygen-carrying capacity of RBCs?
The value of Hemoglobin
Oxyhemoglobin = HbO2
Hb binds reversibly to O2. (If fully saturated, 1 gram of Hb can transport 1.34 ml of O2.)
Look at slide 13
Anemia
when you do not have enough RBCs/when they do not function properly
Look at slides
How to test WBCs
Total white blood cell count - includes all types of leukocytes, but no differentiation b/w LMNEB
Differentiatial White cell count - estimates amount of of each LMNEB
Platelets (fragments of cells called megakaryocytes) test
Suggests bloods ability to clot
Where are blood cells produced?
In bone marrow (red bone marrow is red b/c of active hemoglobin, yellow has adipose tissue=inactive)
Hematopoiesis
Production of Blood Cells
Hematopoiesis is Controlled by cytokines (EPO, TPO, ect…)
Cytokines
Proteins released from one cell that affect the growth or activity of another cell.
Leukopoiesis
Production of white blood cells
Regulated by Colony stimulating factors
Blood cell production
Colony stimulating factors regulate leukopoiesis
- CSFs
- Leukopoiesis: production of white blood cells
Thrombopoietin regulates platelet production
- TPO
Erythopoietin regulates red blood cell production
-EPO
-Erythropoiesis: production of red blood cells
What blood cells lack a nucleus
Mature RBCs and platelets
What blood cells lack a nucleus
Mature RBCs
- Allows for shape changes to fit in really small spaces
- Causes lack of cells division
Morphology
Study of forms and structure
Gives clues to presence of disease (eg. Sickle cell anemia)
Bone marrow
where blood is produced, and is highly vascularized, and lined with epithelium.
Red - Filled with active hemoglobin
Yellow - inactive Adipose tissues
Leukopoiesis
Erythropoiesis
Production of WBCs
Production of RBCs
Regulation of Erythropoiesis
- Controlled by ERYTHROPOIETIN (EPO).
- Stimulus for EPO release is low O2 levels in the tissue (HYPOXIA).
- Hypoxia stimulates Hypoxia-inducible Factor 1 (HIF-1).
- This turns on the EPO gene to increase EPO synthesis in the kidneys.
- Increases RBC production in the bone marrow.
O2 levels drop = increase level of RBCs production
Biconcave disc of RBCs
Pros
Increases surface for diffusion, and allows flexibility, addapts to osmotic changes in blood
What is Iron required for
Look at slide 26
Hemoglobin synthesis
RBC lifespan
Look @ slide 29
Lives for about 120 days (4 months)
Live less in runners
What do all blood cells start out as?
a pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell
What do all blood cells start out as?
a pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell
Jaundice cause
by elevated bilirubin concentrations in blood
Platelets
appearence, size, life span, and job
- Cell fragments from megakaryocytes
- Smaller than RBCs
- 10 life span (small b/c they are just fragments)
- Contain mitochondria, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, granules (membrane-bound vesicles containing cytokines & growth factors)
- Important for clotting, immunity and inflamation
What determines megakaryocyte activity
Thrombopoietin
What determines megakaryocyte activity
Thrombopoietin
Hemostasis
Prevents blood loss from damaged vessels/the process of blood clot formation at the site of vessel injury
Begins with vasoconstriction and the formation of a platelet
Platelet plug formation
1) Exposed collagen binds and activates platelets
2) Released platelet factors
3) Factors attract more platelets
4) Platelets aggragate (cluster) into a platelet plug
Coagulation
Converts a platelet plud into a clot
Coagulation
Converts a platelet plug into a clot
Pathways to thrombin formation
Intrinsic pathway - known as contact activation pathway
Extrinsic pathway - known as cell injury pathway
Thrombus
A blood clot that adheres to an undamaged Blood vessel wall
What limits extent of clotting
Inhibition of platelet adhesion
Inhibition of the coagulation cascade and fibrin production (fibrin fibers become part of clot)
Endogenous anticoagulants
limits coagulation (clotting)
they include: heparin, antithrombin III, protein C
Hemophilia
several diseases in which one of the factors in the coagulation cascade is defective or lacking
Look at Slides for processes
Focus on slides after 26
