Chapter 17 Flashcards
Respiratory System Functions
Exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood
Homeostatic regulation of body pH
Protection from inhaled pathogens and irritating substances
Vocalization
what creates the pressure gradients
Muscle pumps
Resistence of air flow
Airway diameter
Wider airways have less resistance
BRONCHOCONSTRICTION increases resistance
Parasympathetic
BRONCHODILATION decreases resistance
Sympathetic: 2 receptors on smooth muscles relax in response to epinephrine
Pleural sac
double membrane surrounding the lungs
External vs internal resp
E: Atmosphere to blood
I - getting Gasses and waste out of the cell
External vs internal resp
E: Atmosphere to blood
I - getting Gasses and waste out of the cell
Steps of External resp
1) ventilation
2) Alveolar diffusion
3) Cardiac Output
4) Tissue diffusion
Type 1 vs Type 2 alveolar cells
T1- Gas exchange
T2 - surfanctan (producing)
Lungb compliance
Willing to get bigger when it needs to
Surfactant
Reduces surface tension, More is found in smaller alveoli to equalize pressure
Contains phospholipids and protiens
Premeis have bad surf concentrations
Upper and lower respiratory tracts
upper respiratory tract includes the mouth, nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx.
The lower respiratory tract includes the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and exchange surfaces of the alveoli
Upper and lower respiratory tracts
upper respiratory tract includes the mouth, nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx.
The lower respiratory tract includes the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and exchange surfaces of the alveoli
Elastance
the ability of a lung to resist stretching, or return to prestretched faze
Functions of airways
Warm, humidify, and filter the air
Gas Laws
Dalton’s law
Total pressure equals sum of all partial pressures
Boyle’s law (PV=PV)
describes pressure-volume relationships
Daltons law with humid air
Subtract 47 from total pressure
Pressure and volume relatioship
P increases = V decrease
Lung VOLUMES
VT: Tidal Volume (normal breathing volume)
IRV: Inspiratory Reserve Volume (Forscully pulling more air in the lungs (added to tidal))
ERV: Expiratory Reserve Volume (Forscully pushing more of air out of lungs )
RV: Residual Volume (volume that stays in lungs at all times)
Vital Capacity (VC) (know)
= VT + IRV + ERV
Total Lung Capacity (TLC) (know)
VC + RV
Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
= VT + IRV
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
= RV + ERV
Inspiration and expiration
I - Alveolor presure decreased
E - When Alveolor presure increased
Pressure is equal there is 0 flow
Subatmospheric intrapleural pressure
Normally negative -3 mm Hg
Normally negative -3 mm Hg
Obstructive Lung Disease
Increase airway resistance
eg. Asthma
Obstructive Lung Disease
Increase airway resistance
eg. Asthma
Restrictive Lung Disease
Reduced lung compliance
Pulmonary fibrosis
Hyperventilation
More O2 less CO2
Alveolar ventilation increases
Po2 increases, PCO2 decreases
Opp for hypoventilation
Dead space
Air found in trachea not used for gas exchange
Total pulmonary ventilation:
VE = VT × Fb (frequency of breathing)
Alveolar ventilation:
how much fresh air reaches the alveoli
Va = (VT − VD) x Fb
VD = Dead space volume
Alveolar ventilation:
how much fresh air reaches the alveoli
Va = (VT − VD) x Fb
VD = Dead space volume
