Chapter 17 Vocab

Question 1

ethos

Answer 1

name used by Aristotle for what modern students call credibility

Question 2

initial credibility

Answer 2

the credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak

Question 3

derived credibility

Answer 3

the credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says or does during the speech

Question 4

terminal credibility

Answer 4

the credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech

Question 5

logos

Answer 5

name used by Aristotle for logical thinking

Question 6

what are the two main components of logos

Answer 6

evidence and reasoning

Question 7

reasoning from specific instances

Answer 7

reasoning that moves from particular fats to a general conclusion

Question 8

reasoning from principle

Answer 8

reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion

Question 9

causal reasoning

Answer 9

reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects

Question 10

analogical reasoning

Answer 10

reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second

Question 11

fallacy

Answer 11

an error in reasoning

Question 12

false cause

Answer 12

a fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second

Question 13

invalid analogy

Answer 13

an analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike

Question 14

bandwagon

Answer 14

a fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is good, correct, or desirable

Question 15

red herring

Answer 15

a fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion

Question 16

ad hominem

Answer 16

a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute

Question 17

either-or

Answer 17

a fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist

Question 18

slippery slope

Answer 18

a fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented

Question 19

appeal to tradition

Answer 19

a fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new

Question 20

appeal to novely

Answer 20

a fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better than something old

Question 21

pathos

Answer 21

what Aristotle called emotional appeal

Question 22

ways that listeners are persuaded

Answer 22

• credibility
• evidence
• reasoning
• emotions

Question 23

source credibility

Answer 23

credibility that comes from who said the statement

Question 24

factors of credibility

Answer 24

• competence

- character

Question 25

competence

Answer 25

how an audience regards a speaker’s intelligence, expertise, and knowledge of the subject

Question 26

character

Answer 26

how an audience regards a speaker’s sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for the well-being of the audience

Question 27

ways to enhance your credibility

Answer 27

• explain your competence
• establish common ground with your audience
• deliver your speeches fluently, expressively, and with conviction