Chapter 17 Vocab Flashcards
ethos
name used by Aristotle for what modern students call credibility
initial credibility
the credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak
derived credibility
the credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says or does during the speech
terminal credibility
the credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech
logos
name used by Aristotle for logical thinking
what are the two main components of logos
evidence and reasoning
reasoning from specific instances
reasoning that moves from particular fats to a general conclusion
reasoning from principle
reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion
causal reasoning
reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects
analogical reasoning
reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second
fallacy
an error in reasoning
false cause
a fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second
invalid analogy
an analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike
bandwagon
a fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is good, correct, or desirable
red herring
a fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion
ad hominem
a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute
either-or
a fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist
slippery slope
a fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented
appeal to tradition
a fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new
appeal to novely
a fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better than something old
pathos
what Aristotle called emotional appeal
ways that listeners are persuaded
- credibility
- evidence
- reasoning
- emotions
source credibility
credibility that comes from who said the statement
factors of credibility
- competence
- character
competence
how an audience regards a speaker’s intelligence, expertise, and knowledge of the subject
character
how an audience regards a speaker’s sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for the well-being of the audience
ways to enhance your credibility
- explain your competence
- establish common ground with your audience
- deliver your speeches fluently, expressively, and with conviction
