Chapter 17 - Healthcare Data Analytics

Question 1

Accountable care organizations

Answer 1

A legal entity that is recognized and authorized under applicable state, federal, or tribal law, is identified by a Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN), and is formed by one or more ACO participant(s) that is (are) defined at 425.102(a) and may also include any other ACO participants described at 425.102(b) (42 CFR 425.20 2011)

Question 2

Alternative hypothesis

Answer 2

A hypothesis that states that there is an association between independent and dependent variables.

Question 3

Cluster sampling

Answer 3

The process of selecting subjects for a sample from each cluster within a population (for example, a family, school, or community)

Question 4

Coefficient of determination (r^2)

Answer 4

R^2 measures how much of the variation in one variable is explained by the second variable.

Question 5

Confidence interval

Answer 5

A healthcare statistic that is calculated from the standard error of the mean, it is an estimate of the true limits within which the true population mean lies; the range of values that may reasonably contain the true population mean.

Question 6

Continuous data

Answer 6

In healthcare statistics, data that represent measurable quantities but are not restricted to certain specified values.

Question 7

Continuous variables

Answer 7

Discrete variables measured with sufficient precision.

Question 8

Correlation

Answer 8

The existence and degree of relationships among factors.

Question 9

Data analytics

Answer 9

The science of examining raw data with the purpose of drawing conclusions about that information. It includes data mining, machine language, development of models, and statistical measurements. Analytics can be descriptive, predictive, or prescriptive.

Question 10

Data mining

Answer 10

The process of extracting and analyzing large volumes of data from a database for the purpose of identifying hidden and sometimes subtle relationships or patterns and using those relationships to predict behavior.

Question 11

Dependent variable

Answer 11

A measurable variable in a research study that depends on an independent variable.

Question 12

Descriptive statistics

Answer 12

A set of statistical techniques used to describe data such as means, frequency distributions, and standard deviations,; statistical information that describes the characteristics of a specific group or a population.

Question 13

Discrete data

Answer 13

Data that represent separate and distinct values or observations, that is, data that contain only finite numbers and have only specified values

Question 14

Healthcare Data analytics

Answer 14

involves the extrapolation of actionable insights from sets of patient data, typically collected from electronic health records (EHRs).

Question 15

Hypothesis test

Answer 15

Allows the analyst to determine the like hood that a hypothesis is true given the data present in the sample with a predetermined acceptable level of making an error.

Question 16

Independent variable

Answer 16

The factors in experimental research manipulate directly

Question 17

Indirect standardization

Answer 17

Appropriate to use for risk adjustment when the risk variables are categorical and the rate or proportion for the variable of interest is available for the reference group at the level of the risk categories, the expected outcome rate for each risk category is calculated based on the reference group and then weighted by the volume in each risk group at population to be compared to the standard

Question 18

Inferential statistics

Answer 18

Statistics that are used to make inferences from a smaller group of data to a larger one. A set of statistical techniques that allow researchers to make generalizations about a population’s characteristics (parameters) on the basis of a sample’s characteristics.

Question 19

Interval data

Answer 19

A type of data that represents observations that can be measured on an evenly distributed scale beginning at a point other than true zero.

Question 20

Mean

Answer 20

A measure of central tendency that is determined by calculating the arithmetic average of the observations in a frequency distribution.

Question 21

Median

Answer 21

A measure of central tendency that shows the midpoint of a frequency distribution when the observations have been arranged in order from lowest to highest.

Question 22

Mode

Answer 22

A measure of central tendency that consists of the most frequent observation in a frequency distribution

Question 23

Nominal data

Answer 23

A type of data that represents values or observations that can be labeled or named and where the values fall into unordered categories

Question 24

Normal distribution

Answer 24

A theoretical family of continuous frequency distributions characterized by a symmetrical bell-shaped curve, with an equal mean, median, and mode; any standard deviation; and with half of the observations above the mean and half below it.

Question 25

Null hypothesis

Answer 25

A hypothesis that states there is no association between the independent and dependent variables in a research study.

Question 26

One sample t-test

Answer 26

Used to compare a population to a standard value.

Question 27

Ordinal data

Answer 27

A type of data that represents values or observations that can be ranked or ordered.

Question 28

Pay for performance

Answer 28

A type of incentive to improve clinical performance using the electronic health record that could result in additional reimbursement or eligibility for grants to or other subsidies to support future HIT efforts. 2. The Integrated Healthcare Association initiative in California based on the concept that physician groups would be paid for documented performance.

Question 29

Predictive modeling

Answer 29

A process used to identify patterns that can be used to predict the odds of a particular outcome based on the observed data.

Question 30

P-value

Answer 30

The probability of making a Type I error based on a particular set of data

Question 31

QualityNet

Answer 31

A Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) website that provides information about quality measurement and serves as the basis for communication between CMS, their contractors, and healthcare providers regarding quality data and metric.

Question 32

Range

Answer 32

A measure of variability between the smallest and largest observations in a frequency distribution.

Question 33

Rate

Answer 33

A measure used to compare an event over time; a comparison of the number of times an event did happen (numerator) with the number of times an event could have happened (denominator)

Question 34

Ratio data

Answer 34

Data that may be displayed by units of the equal size and placed on a scale starting with zero and thus can be manipulated mathematically (for example, 0,5,10,15, 20)

Question 35

RAT-STATS

Answer 35

OIG offers this statistical package that is free to download and use for both sample size determination and the generation for the random numbers required for sampling

Question 36

Simple linear regression (SLR)

Answer 36

A type of statistical inference that not only measures the strength of the relationship between two variables, but also estimates a functional relationship between them

Question 37

Simple random sample

Answer 37

The process of selecting units from a population so that each one has exactly the same chance of being included in the sample

Question 38

Standard deviation

Answer 38

A measure of variability that describes the deviation from the mean of a frequency distribution in the original units of measurement; the square root of the variance

Question 39

Stratified random sample

Answer 39

A method of sampling that involves the division of a population into smaller sub-groups known as strata. In stratified random sampling, or stratification, the strata are formed based on members’ shared attributes or characteristics such as income or educational attainment.

Question 40

Structured data

Answer 40

Data that are organized and easily retrievable and interpreted by traditional databases and data models; data that can be captured in a fixed field; data that are compromised of values that can be stored as either numbers or a finite number

Question 41

Systematic random sampling

Answer 41

The process of selecting a sample of subjects for a study by drawing every nth unit on a list

Question 42

Type I error

Answer 42

The probability of incorrectly rejecting the null hypothesis given the values present in the sample

Question 43

Type II error

Answer 43

Occurs when the null hypothesis is not rejected when its actually false

Question 44

Unstructured data

Answer 44

Nonbinary, human-readable data

Question 45

Variance

Answer 45

A disagreement between two parts; the square of the standard deviation; a measure of variability that gives the average of the squared deviations from the mean; in financial management, the difference between the budgeted amount and the actual amount of a line item; in project management, the difference between the original project plan and current estimates.