Chapter 17- Bandura Flashcards
How did Bandura believe most people learned?
Through observation
What is the core of observational learning?
Modeling- adding and subtracting to the behavior being observed (so not just mimicry)
What 3 factors influence modeling?
- The characteristics of the model
- The characteristics of the observer
- The consequences of the behavior
What 4 processes govern observational learning?
- Attention (paying attention to the model)
- Representation (symbolically representing new patterns in memory)
- Behavioral Production (producing the behavior we observed)
- Motivation (the observer must be motivated to perform the observed behavior)
What functions do consequences serve on behavior?
- They inform us of the effects of our actions
- They motivate our anticipatory behavior
- The reinforce behavior
Describe the theory of Triadic Reciprocal Causation
Human action is a result of an interaction among 3 variables- environment, behavior, and person/cognition
Which of the 3 reciprocal factors is the strongest contributor to performance? Describe it. (Triadic Reciprocal Causation)
Person/Cognition- The person, this includes things like gender, social position, size, attractiveness, but especially their cognitive factors such as thought, memory, judgement, etc.
What is human agency?
The essence of humanness; the power of a human to influence their own actions to get the desired outcome
What are the 4 core features of human agency?
- Intentionality- acts a person performs intentionally
- Forethought- ability to set goals and anticipate likely outcomes of actions
- Self-Reactiveness- Monitoring their progress toward fulfilling their choices
- Self-Reflectiveness- People evaluate their motives, values, and life goals
What is the most crucial self-reflective mechanism?
Self-efficacy: a persons beliefs that they are capable of performing actions that will produce a desired result
What contributes to self-efficacy?
- Mastery experiences- successful performances raise SE, failure lowers it
- Social modeling/Vicarious experiences- SE is raised when we see someone similar to us do something
- Social Persuasion- listening to a trusted person/authority figure that you can do something
- Physical and emotional states- when you’re sad you think you can’t do things
Aside from self-efficacy, what are two other modes of human agency/ how ppl exercise control of their lives?
Proxy Agency and Collective Efficacy
What is proxy agency?
Indirect control over social conditions that affect everyday living/accomplishing goals by relying on others
ex. knowing you can hire a plumber to fix your pipes
What is collective efficacy?
The confidence people have that their combined efforts will bring about group accomplishments
What 4 factors can lower collective-efficacy?
- Events in other parts of the world can leave people with a sense of helplessness
- Complex technology can decrease people’s perceptions of control over their environment
- Complex bureaucracy that prevents social change discourage people from attempting change
- The size and scope of worldwide problems (war, famine, etc) can make people feel powerless
People high in all 3 efficacy’s are what?
- Mentally healthy
- High in self regulation &
- Tension seeking- they work to get to where they want to be and once they get there, they raise their goal
What are two external factors that contribute to self-regulation?
- Standards of evaluation- ie learning from parents the value of honesty
- External reinforcement- incentives from external factors
What are three internal factors that contribute to self-regulation?
- Self-observation of performance
- Judging or evaluating performance- judging the worth of our actions based in the standards and goals we set for ourself
- Self-reaction- people create incentives for their behaviors based on self-reinforcement and self-punishment
What are outcome expectations?
Those expectations that refer to the likely consequences of our behavior
What are 4 mechanisms people use to disengage internal control and commit inhumane behaviors?
- Redefining the nature of the behavior through moral justification, advantageous comparisons (comparing even worse behavior to make yours seem better) or by making it seem like its a good thing
- Minimizing, ignoring, or distorting the consequences
- Blame or dehumanize the victim
- Displace or diffuse responsibility
What are 3 ways someone can redefine the nature of a behavior in order to commit inhumane behaviors?
- Moral justification
- Advantageous/palliative comparisons (comparing even worse behavior to make yours seem better)
- Use of euphemistic labels to make the behavior seem like a good thing (Nazi’s calling the mudering of Jews the “purification of Europe”)
What is enactive learning?
learning by doing and experiencing the consequences of your actions
